Exam 1

Question 1

What does health mean?

Answer 1

Physical and mental
Healthy human cant be reduced to physical state only
What a physician wants (what the body needs) may not be what the patient desires.

Question 2

Language concerning the body

Answer 2

1- anatomy and physiology
2- everyday lived experiences

Physician must be able to translate from 2-1

Question 3

Characteristics of bodily experience

Answer 3

1) the body is the locus of spatial experience
2) we have intimate relationship to body unlike other objects
3) the body communes or relates to the world physically, socially, and personally
4) the body is in time
- directed towards integration over time
- directed towards disintegration (death)
5) the body is an obstacle
- effort
- resists our desires
- illness

Question 4

Ethics

Answer 4

Moral principles that govern a person or groups behavior

Question 5

Morlaity

Answer 5

Principles that distinguish right from wrong

Question 6

Biomedical ethics

Answer 6

Moral principles and moral ethics within the healthcare context
- need to make judgements abt what is right/wrong

Question 7

Normative ethics:

Answer 7

What ought to be right/wrong action
Is not agt the law
Not abt subjective belief
Not abt customs

Question 8

Non normative ethics

Answer 8

Descriptive

Question 9

Conduct

Answer 9

What ought I do?
Signifies actions you engage with
Principle guided action
Actions: obligatory, permissible, forbidden

Utilitarian and kantianism

Question 10

Character

Answer 10

What kind of person should I be?

Abt character
Instrumental values: means to an end: money
Intrinsic values: happiness

Virtue ethics

Question 11

Utilitarian theory

Answer 11

Actions are right or wrong according to their good or bad consequences
Analyzed in terms of pleasure

Question 12

Strengths of utilitarianism

Answer 12

1) good for public and institutional policies
2) sees morality primarily in terms of the legitimate good of promoting welfare and takes that role w appropriate serriousness

Question 13

Problems with utilitarianism

Answer 13

Problems with immoral preferences and actions

• some ppl have morally unacceptable preferences
• killing person for organs

Permits the interests of majority to override rights of minority

Question 14

Kantian theory (deontological)

Answer 14

Morality is grounded in reason not tradition

- ex: dad should be coerced to donate, physician cant lie

Question 15

Problems w kantian

Answer 15

1) problem of conflicting obligations~ two promises, must do both
2) overemphasizing law, underemphasizing relationships
3) virtue, emotion, and moral worth
- acts of sympathy have no moral worth only those of duty

Question 16

Bentham

Answer 16

1748-1832
Social reformer
Act based utilitarianism
- if lying helps then go ahead
Hedonist: pleasure understood in simplistic way
Pleasure is quantifiable
Felicitous calc: calculating what brings greatest # of ppl most joy
Ex: 5 dying, healthy walks in, must harvest organs

Question 17

Mill

Answer 17

Born 1806, bentham was teacher
1st to call for womens suffrage
Rule based utilitarianism
- respect truth telling
Hierarchy of pleasure 
Better to be dissatisfied human than satisfied pig
1) intellectual
2) aesthetic
3) bodily

Question 18

Hypothetical imperatives

Answer 18

If X then Y

Question 19

Categorical imperative

Answer 19

I must do X

Question 20

The formulas of categorical imperative

Answer 20

Act in such a way that my actions could be willed as universal law