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Critical Care > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

‘/What is the CPOT?

A

Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool

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2
Q

What does the scoring indicate on the CPOT

A

0=no pain————4=some pain———-8=extreme pain

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3
Q

What are the four categories on the CPOT?

A
  • Facial Expression 0=relaxed 1=tense 2=grimacing
  • Body movements 0=no mvmt 1=protection 2-restless/agitated
  • Compliance w ventilator or vocalization 10=tolerating/easy or talking normally 1= tolerating/coughing or sighing/moaning 2=fighting or sobbing
  • Muscle Tension 0=Relaxed 1= Tense/rigid 2= very tense/rigid
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4
Q

Rules for CPOT

A
  • pt must be observed at rest for one minute to obtain a baseline value
  • Then, pt should be obs during nociceptive procedures (e.g. turning, wound care) to detect any changes in in response to pain.
  • pt should be eval’d before and at peak effect of an analgesic agent to assess med effectiveness
  • attribute the highest score obs during the obs period.
  • muscle tension should be eval’d last, especially when the patient is at rest bc touch may lead to behavioral reactions.
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5
Q

Risk Factors of Delirium

A
  • age
  • post-op
  • pain meds
  • h/o dimentia
  • male
  • vent
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6
Q

What is CAM-ICU tool?

A

an acute confusion assessment method tool used in ICU to identify and recognize delirium quickly

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7
Q

What is the RASS tool?

A

Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale

used to measure level of sedation in ICU pt’s

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8
Q

How is the Richmond measured?

A
  • (-3 to -5) Need to decrease sedation
    • Unarousable -5, Deep Sedation-4, mod sed -3
  • (-2 to 0) Good! No intervention needed at this time!
    • Light sed -2, drowsy -1, restless +1, alert & calm 0
  • (+2 to +4) Not enough sedation! Assess for pain, anxiety and delirium!
    • Agitated +2, very agitated, +3 combative +4

pos 4, sedate the whore

neg 5, sedations high

Rich is hero, we want him at 0

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9
Q

Why would you give a paralytic to a pt on a ventilator?

A

Pt is very agitated and can’t be controlled with benzo’s or analgesics

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10
Q

Paralytics used for pt’s on ventilators

A

Succinylcholine or vecoronium

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11
Q

Additional interventions when giving a pt a paralytic to pt’s on ventilators

A

pain management and sedation

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12
Q

What is the Train of Four tool?

A

device that gives an electrical impulse to the ulnar or facial nerve to detect level of paralytic.

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13
Q

Train of Four (TOF) scale

A

Measuring paralytic effectiveness:

  • attach electrodes to facial or ulnar nerve
  • count muscle twitches
    • 0 twitches = over paralyzed
    • 2 twitches = Goal
    • 4 twitches = not enough paralytic
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14
Q

What do you say to visitors of ICU patients?

A

Explain the situation

Paint a picture of what they will see

Universal visiting hours

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15
Q

What is terminal weaning?

A

Weaning off mechanical ventiliation in terminal pt’s

Extubation of the patient to allow them to die

use only pain management and sedation

Pt is going to die, no chance of recovery

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16
Q

What is the first thing you do when educating a patient/family on discharge info

A

assess prior knowledge

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17
Q

Pt changes that would require Rapid Response?

A
  • Can’t keep sats above 90
  • can’t keep systolic BP >90
  • RR >30
  • ALOC
  • HR >130 (except w pain or fever)
  • Can’t get blood sugar >40
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18
Q

What is the ABCDEF bundle?

A

a = assess pain

b= both completed spont awakenng and spont breathing

c= choice of analgesia

d= delirium assessment performed

e= early mobility (even intubated)

f= family involvement

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19
Q

What to look for in an ABG when determining which pt to see first?

A
  • #1 PaO2 (who has the lowest needs seen first)
  • the patient who is the most acidotic (resp. acidosis, low pH and Pa02)
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20
Q

Ways of calculating the rate on a 6 sec ECG strip, when it is regular

A
  • count R waves and multiply X 10
  • count large boxes between R waves and ÷ 300
    • 2= 150 HR
    • 3= 100 HR
    • 4= 75 HR
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21
Q

P-wave represents

A

atrial depolarization

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22
Q

QRS complex represents

Normal measurements?

A

Ventrical depolarization

0.08-0.12 (2-3 sm boxes)

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23
Q

T wave represents

A

ventricular repolarization

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24
Q

PR interval represents

normal measurements?

A

mvmnt from SA node to AV node to bundle of his to perkinje fibers (before ventricals contract)

0.12-0.21 (3-5 small boxes)

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25
Q

QT interval represents

A

depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles

the time between the beginning of Q and the end of S

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26
Q

Prolonged QT can lead to what?

A

dysrhythmias

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27
Q

What does a widened QRS represent?

A

pt is havingk PVC’s, if ignored

can lead to v-tach

then v-fib

then asystole

28
Q

What is a PVC?

What causes PVC’s

A

​A ventricular contraction that happens at the wrong time

  • Drugs
  • caffeine
  • post-op
  • recent MI
29
Q

Treatment for PVC’s, V-tach, and asystole

A

Antidysrhythmic

Amiodorone or Lidocaine

30
Q

4 PVC’s in a row

A

V-tach

31
Q

R on T phenomenon

A

When a PVC happens at the moment of ventricular refractory phase on the downslope of the preceding T wave, it can trigger V-tach or V-fib.

32
Q

cardiovert vs. defib

A
  • cardiovert- awake pt’s with consent, using less electricity, and sedated
  • defib- pt’s who are pulseless, v-tach, and v-fib
33
Q

Interventions for pt’s in v-tach with a pulse (stable)

A
  • amiodorone 150
34
Q

what is synchronized cardioversion

Why is it used?

A

The cardiovert machine synchronizes (press synchronize button) so that it delivers the shock at the highest point of the R wave.

To prevent the R on T phenomenon

35
Q

interventions for v-fib

A

amiodorone

pulseless = cpr, amiodorone

36
Q

interventions for V-tach with a pulse

A

Least invasive -> invasive

  • Assess: BP, RR, chest pain?, pale? diaphoretic?,
  • Amiodorone 150 over 10 minutes
  • Still has a pulse and symptomatic =Cardiovert w sedation (diprovan)
37
Q

Interventions for v-tach without a pulse

A
  • Call for help
  • CPR
  • Epi q 3-5 mins
  • shock
  • CPR
  • Amiodorone/lidocain/proconamide (enterchangeable) (1X)
38
Q

what allergy is not compatable with diprovan (propofol)?

A

Eggs

39
Q

interventions for Torsades

A

Mg+ push

40
Q

Can you defib a pt in asystole/cardiac arrest

A

NO!

  • CPR
  • Epi
  • Amiodorone
41
Q

causes for cardiac arrest or PEA

A

H’s and T’s

  • hydrogen prob. (acidotic)
  • hypo-hyperthermia
  • hypo/hyperkalemia
  • hypoxia
  • tension pneumo
  • tamponade
  • thrombus (PE or MI)
42
Q

Rapid sequence intubation

A

When intubation is needed immediately due to ARDS, burns, etc

  • sedate with versed or fentanyl
  • paralyze
43
Q

How to confirm ET tube placement

A
  • bilateral chest expansion
  • ascultate lungs
  • C02 detector strip (gold)
  • CXR
44
Q

What causes the high pressure alarm to go off on a ventilator?

A
  • check the tube for kinks etc
  • pt is coughing
  • pt bites the tube
  • mucus plug
45
Q

What causes the low pressure alarm to go off on a ventilator?

A
  • the tubing is disconnected
  • the patient pulled the tube out (extubation)
46
Q

What do you do if you can’t find the cause of ventilator alarms going off?

A

Manually ventilate

47
Q

Pneumonia symptoms

A

fever

increased HR

Increased WBC’s

crackles

sputum

48
Q

PNU Patho

A

Bacterial, viral, or fungal infection of one or both lungs that cause the alveoli to fill with fluid or pus, causing them to stick together and not fill with air.

49
Q

PE symptoms

A

Increased HR

Decreased BP

dyspnea

hemoptysis

fever

chest pain

Decreased 02

wheezing

crackles

blood in sputum

50
Q

PE Patho

A

When a deep venous thrombi (DVT) detach and embolize to the pulmonary circulation, occluding the pulmonary arteries.

51
Q

PE treatment

A

heparin or lovenox (sub-q)

DC’d on warfarin or apiciban

52
Q

Labs for PE

A

D-dimer

ABG’s (hypoxia)

CT scan (dye –> shellfish allergy

53
Q

VAP interventions

A

​Bundle care:

  • hand hygeine
  • elevate HOB 30-45 (to prevent aspiration)
  • reposition at least q 2hrs
  • DVT prophylaxis - heparin and SCD’s
  • Peptic ulcer prophylaxis - PPI’s and H2 blockers
  • oral care with chlorahexadine
  • sedation holiday
54
Q

Causes of VAP

A
  • hand hygeine
  • cross contamination
  • vent tubing ( drain away from pt)
  • oral care
55
Q

Signs of acute respiratory distress (ARDS)

A

Early:

  • tachypnea –> resp alkalosis
  • restlessness –> resp acidosis
  • severe SOB
  • labored breathing
  • low BP
  • confusion and extreme tiredness

Late:

  • cyanosis
56
Q

causes of ARDS

A

Sepsis

inhalants

severe pneumonia

head, chest, or other major injurt

Pancreatitis, massive blood transfusions, burns

57
Q

Patho of ARDS

A

Inflammatory process destroys the alveoli epithelial lining making them more permeable. Fluid builds up in the alveoli, keeping lungs from filling with enough air, and less 02 reaches the bloodstream and to tissues and organs.

58
Q

ARDS

A
  • decreased compliance in alveoli - fibrotic and can’t stretch
    • inadequate gas exchange
  • chest white out (fluid build up that hardens)
  • decreasing Pa02 despite increasing fiO2
    • keep giving 02 and Pa02 still decreases
  • refractory hypoxemia
59
Q

ARDS treatment/interventions

A
  • antibiotics
  • increase peep
  • prone position
  • echmo
  • fluid and electrolytes
  • nutrition (TPN) (bc they are prone)
60
Q

What is PEEP

A

Positive end-expiratory pressure

The pressure applied by the vent at the end of each breath that

keep alveoli from collapsing

61
Q

What happens when there is too much PEEP

A
  • it puts too much positive pressure into the lungs, increasing thoracic pressure, which can cause hypotension
  • Can overinflate and explode alveoli
62
Q

What position do you put a patient with ARDS with PEEP ventilation

A

Prone

* **when moving patient, always have one nurse watch the ET tube to prevent extubation

63
Q

Haldol

A

med for dimentia

64
Q

Haldol side effects

A

dysrhythmias

dry mouth

constipaiton

sedating

causes EPS

65
Q

Medication for symptomatic bradycardia

A

Atropine

66
Q

Atropine side efffects

A

anticholinergic

drys you out

increased HR

dilates pupils

67
Q
A

Critical Care (2 decks)

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