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Hydrology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What powers the movement of water in the hydrologic system

A

the sun

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2
Q

what does the water cycle describe

A

-the fluxes of water between the various reservoirs of the hydrosphere

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3
Q

What is a watershed

A
  • the natural boundary of the drainage basin

- the total area above a given point on a watercourse that contributes water to its flow

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4
Q

Two types of overland flow

A
  • Horton/Infiltration excess overland flow (precip rate > absorption rate)
  • Dunne/Saturation Excess overland flow (soil is already saturated and water isn’t absorbed) - pore space is filled here
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5
Q

Gaining streams

A
  • as we move downstream, water is being gained

- effulent stream

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6
Q

Losing stream

A
  • stream looses water, water table is below

- Influent stream

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7
Q

Endorheic stream

A

-stream that has no outlets and dries out before it reaches the ocean

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8
Q

Confining layer

A

-sediment layer with Ksat much lower than its surroundings

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9
Q

Top 5 states in wetland losses

A
  • California
  • Ohio
  • Iowa
  • Indiana
  • Missouri
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10
Q

Arsenic

A
  • takes 5-15 years to show signs of exposure

- a toxin and a carcinogen

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11
Q

long-term health effects of exposure to arsenic

A
  • skin lesions
  • skin cancer
  • neurological effects
  • bladder/kidney/lung cancer
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12
Q

Area of streambed where groundwater and surface water mix

A

-hyporheic zone

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13
Q

Some strategies for better water management

A
  • more surface water use in wet years and ground water use in dry years
  • reuse and recycle water on a regular basis
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14
Q

3 indicators used for wetland delineation

A
  • vegetation
  • soil
  • hydrological properties
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15
Q

Why does the east coast have more wetlands

A
  • east coast has more clay soils which are poorly drained

- also topography

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16
Q

Possible causes of arsenic contamination in Bangladesh GW

A
  • oxidation of arsenical pyrite

- release of arsenic from the degradation of fertilizers and pesticides

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17
Q

MCL

A

-maximum contaminant level

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18
Q

Why is the arial sea sinking

A

-decades-old water diversion for irrigation and droughts

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19
Q

Why can’t Bangladesh use SW instead of GW

A

-SW became contaminated from inadequate sewage systems and industrial wastes

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20
Q

Urbanization results in:

A
  • a flashier hydrology

- lag time describes flashes

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21
Q

How is UV light used in hydrology

A

-it kills bacteria in drinking water

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22
Q

Stefan-Boltzmann law

A

-used to describe relation between temperature and energy flux

23
Q

Weins law

A
  • describes the wavelength at which radiation of a surface will be greatest
  • uses degrees Kelvin
24
Q

Most important greenhouse gases

A
  • Carbon dioxide (33%)
  • Water vapor (65% of absorption)
  • methane
  • nitrous oxide
  • ozone
  • chlorinated flurorcarbons
25
Q

Avg temp of Earths surface with and without GHG

A

17 celsius with

(-18) without

26
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

-some of the energy emitted by the EArth is recycled and re-emitted to the earth

27
Q

Formation of precipitation

A

1) cooling of air to approx the dew-poiint temp
2) Condensation of nuclei to form cloud droplets or ice crystals
3) growth of droplets or crystal into raindrops/snow/hail
4) Importation of water vapor to sustain process

28
Q

3 methods of uplift/precipitation

A

1) Convection
2) convergence
3) orography

29
Q

Uplift due to convergence

A
  • there is frontal convergence or cyclonic convergence

- characteristic of mid latitudes and occurs at boundaries between air masses of contrasting temp and or humidity

30
Q

Uplift due to convection

A

-occurs as a result of adiabatic cooling associated with parcels of air that rise because they are less dense than the air surrounding them

31
Q

Uplift due to orography

A

-occurs when air flowing horizontally encounters a physical barrier and acquires a vertical component to flow over it

32
Q

Type of precipitation gauges

A
  • straight-sided cylinder (volume)
  • weighing recording gauge (volume, intensity, duration)
  • tipping becket gauge
  • optical precip gauge
33
Q

CFU

A
  • colony farming unit per 100mL

- measures bacteria concentration

34
Q

Load is calculated by

A
  • mass per unit time

- load is an export rate

35
Q

DOM
DOC
DON

A
  • dissolved organic matter
  • dissolved organic carbon
  • dissolved organic nitrogen
  • DON and DOC give C to N ratio and tests quality of soil
36
Q

DOC is always _____ with stream flow

A
  • increasing

- organic carbon is mobilized during high peak flows

37
Q

MPN

A
  • most probable number

- measures bacterial concentration

38
Q

infiltration

A

-movement of water from soil surface into soil

39
Q

Redistribution

A

-subsequent movement of infiltrated water in the unsaturated zone

40
Q

capillary rise

A

-upward movement in soil pores due to surface tension

41
Q

-recharge

A

-movement of percolating water from the unsaturated zone to the subjacent saturated zone

42
Q

interflow

A

-lateral flow + root uptake

43
Q

percolation

A

-general term for downward glow in the unsaturated zone

44
Q

A horizon

A
  • often called topsoil
  • low in clay and soluble minerals, rich in humus from decaying plant and animal remains
  • zone of most biological activity
45
Q

B horizon

A
  • zone of accumulation, may develop a yellow/red color

- in arid zones a white zone of calcium carbonate may accumulate

46
Q

C horizon

A
  • weather parent material from which A and B horizons have developed
  • may be bedrock or unconsolidated material
47
Q

Vadose zone

A

-are of soil that is unsaturated above the water table

48
Q

Hygroscopic water

A

-water stuck in small pores, not accesable

49
Q

Field capacity/detention

A

-amount of water left in soil after it has drained for 24 hours

50
Q

LArger pore size means

A

-greater infiltration capacity but lower water holding

51
Q

wilting point

A

-point at which a plant can no longer absorb moisture from the soil

52
Q

K (hydraulic connectivity)

A
  • rate at which water moves through the soil under a potential energy gradient
  • varies as a function of grain size and degree of saturation
  • as this increases, water will move faster
53
Q

Darcy’s law

A

-calculates the velocity that water moves through soil

54
Q

hydrostatic condition

A

-no flow

Hydrology (2 decks)

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