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a&p 1 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 6 levels of structural organization

A

1) Chemical level
2) Cellular level
3) Tissue level
4) Organ level
5) System level
6) Organismal level

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2
Q

11 systems of the human body

1) Integumentary system

A

skin and related structures

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3
Q

11 systems of the human body

2) Skeletal system

A

bones, joins, and cartilage

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4
Q

11 systems of the human body

3) muscular system

A

muscle tissue

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5
Q

11 systems of the human body

4) Nervous system

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves

special sense organs such as eyes and ears

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6
Q

11 systems of the human body

5) Endocrine system

A

hormone producing glands

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7
Q

11 systems of the human body

6) cardiovascular system

A

heart, blood, blood vessels

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8
Q

11 systems of the human body

7) Lymphatic system and Immunity

A

cells that carry out immune response

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9
Q

11 systems of the human body

8) Respetory system

A

lungs and supporting systems

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10
Q

11 systems of the human body

9) Digestive system

A

stomach, intestines, glands, liver

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11
Q

11 systems of the human body

10) Urinary system

A

kidneys, bladder, urethra

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12
Q

11 systems of the human body

11) Reproductive system

A

male and female reproductive organs

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13
Q

Homeostasis

A

condition of equilibrium in the body. is maintained by the body’s regulatory process

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14
Q

Homeostasis regulatory surrounding fluid

A

extracellular fluid

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15
Q

homeostasis negative feedback loop

A

stimulus–controlled condition–receptors–control center–effectors–response (alters the controlled condition)–return to homeostasis ((blood pressure))

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16
Q

homeostasis positive feedback loop

A

stimulus–controlled condition–receptors–control center–effectors–response (causing an increase in the stimulus and repeating the process) ((birth))

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17
Q

parietal/visceral pleura

A

parietal lining of lung cavity

visceral lining covering the lungs

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18
Q

parietal/visceral pericardium

A

parietal lining the heart cavity

visceral lining the heart organ

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19
Q

peritoneum

A

membrane that covers many of the abdominal organs

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20
Q

“left” upper abdominal area

A

right hypochondriac region

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21
Q

“left” side area

A

right lumbar region

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22
Q

“left” lower hip area

A

right inguinal region

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23
Q

upper center

A

epigastric region

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24
Q

belly button area

A

umbilical region

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25
Q

lower midabdominal area

A

hypogastric region

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26
Q

“right” upper abdominal area

A

left hypochondriac region

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27
Q

“right” side area

A

left lumbar region

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28
Q

“right” lower hip area

A

left inguinal region

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29
Q

Quadrants

A

right (left) upper quadrant
right (left) lower quadrant
left (right) upper quadrant
left (right) lower quadrant

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30
Q

matter consists of 3 forms

A

solid
liquid
gas

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31
Q

how many chemical elements

A

118 total elements
92 natural
26 additional sythetic

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32
Q

elements that make up the majority of our bodies

A

O= oxygen
C=carbon
H=Hydrogen
N=Nitrogen

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33
Q

atoms fundamentally made up of 3?

A

protons
neutrons
electrons

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34
Q

atomic number

A

number of proton in the nucleus of an atom

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35
Q

mass number

A

the number of proton and neutrons in an atom (isotopes)

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36
Q

atomic mass/weight of an element

A

average mass of all its naturally occurring isotopes

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37
Q

ion

A

an atom that has lost or gained an electron

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38
Q

molecule

A

2 or more atoms sharing electrons

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39
Q

covelent bond

A

atoms share electrons (molecule)

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40
Q

compound

A

substance that can be broken down into 2 or more different elements

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41
Q

cations

A

positively charged ions

42
Q

anions

A

negatively charged ions

43
Q

ionic bonds

A

donated electrons

44
Q

covalent bonds

A

shared electrons single, double, triple bonds

45
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

result from attraction of oppositely charged parts of molecules

46
Q

reactants

A

starting substances

47
Q

products

A

ending substances

48
Q

metabolism

A

combining or breaking apart substances

49
Q

anabolism

A

combining or adding

50
Q

catabolism

A

breaking or subtracing

51
Q

law of conservation of energy

A

energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be converted from one form to another

52
Q

exergonic reactions

A

reactions release more energy than they absorb

53
Q

endergonic reactions

A

reactions absorb more energy than they release

54
Q

activation energy

A

added energy to break bonds

55
Q

catalysts

A

does not change but helps reaction with less energy

56
Q

synthesis

A

make something

57
Q

decomposition

A

breaking bonds

58
Q

exchange

A

exchange one bond for another

59
Q

reversible

A

reaction that runs in both directions

60
Q

oxidation-reduction reactions

A

transfer electrons between atoms and molecules in parallel

61
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electrons and energy release

62
Q

reduction

A

gain of electrons and energy gain

63
Q

LEO the lion says GER

A

lose electrons oxidation

gain electrons reduction

64
Q

inorganic compounds

A

usually lack carbon, simple molecules (water)

65
Q

organic compounds

A

always have covalent bonds and always Hydrogen and Oxygen

66
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

water added to break bonds

67
Q

dehydration synthesis reaction

A

water is removed to MAKE bonds

68
Q

mixtures

A

a combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bonded together

69
Q

3 types of mixtures

A

solution
colloid
suspension

70
Q

ph scale

A

increasingly acidic 0-6, hydrogen gets less negative hydroxal gets more negative
7 is neutral -7 for both
increasingly alkaline 8-14, hydrogen gets more negative hydroxal gets less negative

71
Q

buffer system

A

help regulate ph by converting strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases

72
Q

organic compound categories

A

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and ATP

73
Q

fatty acids

A

saturated or unsaturated
saturated only has single bonds
monounsaturdated had 1 double carbon bond and bends it

74
Q

triglycerides

A

3 fatty acids stuck together. how the body stores fat

2 saturated 1 unsaturated

75
Q

phospholipids

A

important component of cell membrane with polar head, non polar tails. tails are 1 saturated and 1 unsaturated

76
Q

Proteins

A

gives structure to body, regulates processes, provide protection, assist in muscle contraction, transport substances and serves as enzymes

77
Q

proteins formed

A

combining various amino acids

78
Q

enzymes

A

catalyst in a living cell
highly specific
extremely efficient
subject to cellular controls

79
Q

DNA (nucleic acid)

A

forms genetic code in nuclei and regulates most of the cells activities
self replicating

80
Q

RNA (nucleic acid)

A

guides protein formation

Made using DNA as blueprint

81
Q

nucleotide (GC-AT)

A

guanine and Cytosine always bond
adenine and tymine always bond
tymine only found in DNA

82
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

principal energy-storing molecule in the body

83
Q

carbon

A

organic compounds always contain carbon
can combine in a variety of shapes
does not dissolve easily in water
good source of energy

84
Q

ion channel

A

Forms a pore through which a specific ion can flow to get across membrane.

85
Q

carrier

A

transports specific substance across membrane by undergoing a change in shape

86
Q

receptor (integral)

A

recognizes specific ligand and alters the cells function in some way

87
Q

enzyme

A

catalyzes reaction inside or outside the cell depending on which direction the active site faces

88
Q

transcription

A

sequence of DNA nucleotides to produce or copy a sequence RNA nucleotides

89
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA

A

contains info to synthesize proteins

90
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

used to transfer amino acids during the next stop of protein-translation

91
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

makes up part of a ribosome

92
Q

translation

A

ribosome moves along the the mRNA adding amino acid after amino acid resulting in a growing polypeptide

93
Q

Loose connective tissue

areolar connective tissue

A

different fibers and cells in most body structures “packing material”

94
Q

Loose connective tissue

adipose tissue

A

fat cells specialized to store triglycerides, insulation, cushioning

95
Q

Loose connective tissue

reticular connective tissue

A

reticular fibers and cells/supporting framework of orgnas

96
Q

dense connective tissue

dense regular connective tissue

A

mostly collagen fibers are regularly arranged with fibroblasts. forms tendons

97
Q

dense connective tissue

dense irregular connective tissue

A

collagen fibers are irregularly arranged, few fibroblasts, arranged in sheets. (membranes around organs, joint capsules

98
Q

dense connective tissue

elastic connective tissue

A

mostly elastic fibers allows stretching. lungs elastic arteries, trachea

99
Q

Specialized connective tissue

bone

A

most ridged connective tissue
compact
or spongy

100
Q

Specialized connective tissue

cartiledge

A

provides structure and support
hyaline-movable joints
fibrocartilege-intravertebral discs
elastic- external ears

101
Q

Specialized connective tissue

blood

A

fluid form of connective tissue transports cells and nutrients to other tissues and organs

a&p 1 (2 decks)

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