Exam 1 Flashcards
H
Hydrogen
C
Carbon
N
Nitrogen
O
Oxygen
Na
Sodium
P
Phosphorous
S
Sulfur
Cl
Chlorine
K
Potassium
Ca
Calcium
Fe
Iron
Homeostasis
existence and maintenance of conditions in the body measured by a set point
Mechanisms of Homeostasis
Positive & Negative Feedback, Cascade
Negative Feedback
a stimulus is removed and the set point is reached
Positive Feedback
has feedback the response to the stimulus triggers more and more intense response- childbirth- needs outside force to stop it
Cascade
no loop or feedback and magnifies at each step getting further and further from the set point
Forms of energy
heat, light, stored, movement
Laws of Energy
Cant be created or destroyed
Entropy-
Energy transfer (shift from one form to the other) is inefficient, you always lose energy to the other form
All systems deform unless energy is added
If one form is in thermal equ with the third it is in equ with the second
Heat Energy
energy that flows between objects that are different temps- stove top
Chemical/Stored Energy
potential energy stored in chemical bonds
Movement/Mechanical energy
energy from movements in the body
Light energy
how nature moves energy at an extremely rapid rate, photosynthesis, seen or unseen, sun, fire, electromagnetic
dynamic equilibrium
reversibility reaction, reactions from reactants to products or reactants amounts of reactant relative to the amount of products
element
simplest type of matter with unique chemical properties
cation
positive charged ions
anions
negative charged ions
atom
smallest particle of an element
polar
2 atoms bound by a covalent bond do not equally share electrons
nonpolar
2 atoms bound and share electrons equally
suspension
a mixture of materials that separate from each other , water and oil
colloid
a mixture that has solutes that disperse but not entirely or uniformly
hydrophilic
water loving
hydrophobic
doesn’t like water
exergonic
energy releasing
posterior pituitary gland controlled
prompt from hypothalamus, fires electrical signal down axon in infidibulum, triggers release of oxytocin or ADH to release in the blood
anterior pituitary gland controlled
prompt to hypothalmus, releasing hormones travel through private portal system to anterior pituitary, neuro-hormones trigges endocrine homrones to release into the blood.
anterior pituitary hormones
ACTH-adrenocorticotropic hormone
FSH- follicle development
GH- growth hormone, increase protein production
LH- luteinizing hormome- induces ovulation, testost production
Prolactin- production of breast milk
TSH- stimulates thyroid hormone
posterior pituitary hormones
oxytoxin is responsible for smooth muscle contractions
ADH- anti diuretic, concentrates urine
Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Reticularis
Aldosterone- electrolytes, water retention, salt increase
Cortisol- breakdown of lipids proteins to glucose fast
Androgens/Estrogens- androgens male puberty, women estrogens
Calcium controlled when too high
The thyroid releases calcitonin and prompts the bone to increase calcium absorption (inhibits osteoclasts), and the kidneys to get rid of excess.
Calcium controlled when too low
The parathyroid releases PTH and prompts the bones to release calcium (inhibits osteoblasts), the kidneys to retain calcium and the GI tract to increase absorption.
Calcium Calmodulin 2nd Messenger system
Precondition:
- receptor unbound
- calmodulin inactive
- calcium channel closed
- G protein inactive
- Hormone arrives
- binds with receptor
- G protein gets phophorylated (activated)
- G protein opens the calcium channel
- Calcium comes in binds with calmodulin
- Calcium + Calmodulin move around to cause muscle contractions.
- Phosphate is removed from G protein, Channel closed
Anterior Pituitary # of hormones
Releasing hormone
Hormone 1 from Ant Pituitary to
Endocrine gland releases
Hormone 2 to target
Water - temperature heat stabilizer
Hydrogen bonds between water molecule store potential energy by vibrating more rapidly
stabilizes body temp
absorbs large amounts of heat at stable temp, resists big temp flucuations
blood (mostly water) can transfer heat to from deep in body to surface where heat it released
Rules for Atoms
Have to fill outermost shell like to be electrically neutral as possible two options: ionism and covalentism Ionism; donating or receiving electrons Covalentism; share electrons in pairs
Rules for Atoms
1.Have to fill outermost shell
2. like to be electrically neutral as possible
two options: ionism and covalentism
Ionism; donating or receiving electrons
Covalentism; share electrons in pairs
Non polar covalent
shared electrons equally 50/50
Non polar covalent
shared electrons equally 50/50
Water
bonds?
oxygen forms a polar covalent bond with Hydrogen atoms (shares electrons unequally)
partial positive charge to hydrogen atoms
partial negative charge to oxygen side
forms a lattice
Water
functions?
Body temp stabilizer- blood composed of mostly water is able to carry heat from deep in the body. Water absorbs heat
Protection- around organs- tears lubrication
Chemical reactions-dissolve in water
Mixing medium- water is a major solvent used
Ionism bond
TRANSFERS electrons
Covalent bond
shares electrons» polar or non polar
compound
combo of 2 or more different atoms
organic compound
combo of atoms including Carbon
inorganic compound
combo of atoms that do not contain Carbon
molecule
two or more atoms chemically combined to form a structure that is independent (water molecule)
nucleus
protons and neutrons in nucleus , control center with genetic info
proton
electron
neutron
subatomic particle positively charged
“ “ negative charge
“ “ no charge
ion
charged particle with electron TRANSFER (ionism)
more protons positively charged
more electrons neg charged
Atomic weight/mass #
upper left
Protons + neutrons
can figure out by subtracting mass # by atomic # to get number of neutrons
charge
unequal amount of protons and electrons the atom becomes charged
disassociate
compounds dissolve in water, ions dissolve and separate
electrolytes
cations, and anions that separate in water
conduct electrical charge
hydrogen bond
positive hydrogen forms a hydrogen bond with negative oxygen
form shape of complex molecules
THIS SLIGHTLY POSITIVE END OF ONE MOLECULE (THE ‘H’ END) WILL BOND MILDLY TO THE OTHER (NEGATIVE) END OF A DIFFERENT MOLECULE – THIS KIND OF BOND USUALLY INVOLVES HYDROGEN
electron shell
outermost shell of atom
electron dots
valence electrons
what happens to molecules in a solution of pure water
pure water is not charged
pH is the measure of potential hydrogen
hydrogen proton concentration
14 acid
7 neutral
below 7 alkaline
Pure water
H+ and OH-
Acidic
pH less than 7, higher amount of H+
Neutral
pH 7 equal concentrations fo H+ and OH-
Alkaline
pH higher than 7, fewer H+ than OH-
Acid
a proton donor, H+ is an acid,
HCl > H+ + Cl- is considered an acid
base
proton acceptor, any substance that accepts a H+ is a base
The OH- are proton acceptors that combine with H+ to form water OH- + H+ = H2O
blood pH
7.35 too acidic, acidosis ( nervous system depressed comatose), too alkaline alkalosis ( excitable nervous system convulsions)
buffers
resist changes in pH levels bicarbonate phosphate amino acids proteins
carbohydrates
C, H, O attaches to proteins and lipids,
