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Physiology EXAM 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

H

A

Hydrogen

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2
Q

C

A

Carbon

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3
Q

N

A

Nitrogen

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4
Q

O

A

Oxygen

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5
Q

Na

A

Sodium

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6
Q

P

A

Phosphorous

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7
Q

S

A

Sulfur

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8
Q

Cl

A

Chlorine

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9
Q

K

A

Potassium

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10
Q

Ca

A

Calcium

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11
Q

Fe

A

Iron

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12
Q

Homeostasis

A

existence and maintenance of conditions in the body measured by a set point

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13
Q

Mechanisms of Homeostasis

A

Positive & Negative Feedback, Cascade

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14
Q

Negative Feedback

A

a stimulus is removed and the set point is reached

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15
Q

Positive Feedback

A

has feedback the response to the stimulus triggers more and more intense response- childbirth- needs outside force to stop it

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16
Q

Cascade

A

no loop or feedback and magnifies at each step getting further and further from the set point

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17
Q

Forms of energy

A

heat, light, stored, movement

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18
Q

Laws of Energy

A

Cant be created or destroyed
Entropy-
Energy transfer (shift from one form to the other) is inefficient, you always lose energy to the other form
All systems deform unless energy is added
If one form is in thermal equ with the third it is in equ with the second

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19
Q

Heat Energy

A

energy that flows between objects that are different temps- stove top

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20
Q

Chemical/Stored Energy

A

potential energy stored in chemical bonds

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21
Q

Movement/Mechanical energy

A

energy from movements in the body

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22
Q

Light energy

A

how nature moves energy at an extremely rapid rate, photosynthesis, seen or unseen, sun, fire, electromagnetic

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23
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

reversibility reaction, reactions from reactants to products or reactants amounts of reactant relative to the amount of products

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24
Q

element

A

simplest type of matter with unique chemical properties

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25
Q

cation

A

positive charged ions

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26
Q

anions

A

negative charged ions

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27
Q

atom

A

smallest particle of an element

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28
Q

polar

A

2 atoms bound by a covalent bond do not equally share electrons

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29
Q

nonpolar

A

2 atoms bound and share electrons equally

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30
Q

suspension

A

a mixture of materials that separate from each other , water and oil

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31
Q

colloid

A

a mixture that has solutes that disperse but not entirely or uniformly

32
Q

hydrophilic

A

water loving

33
Q

hydrophobic

A

doesn’t like water

34
Q

exergonic

A

energy releasing

35
Q

posterior pituitary gland controlled

A

prompt from hypothalamus, fires electrical signal down axon in infidibulum, triggers release of oxytocin or ADH to release in the blood

36
Q

anterior pituitary gland controlled

A

prompt to hypothalmus, releasing hormones travel through private portal system to anterior pituitary, neuro-hormones trigges endocrine homrones to release into the blood.

37
Q

anterior pituitary hormones

A

ACTH-adrenocorticotropic hormone
FSH- follicle development
GH- growth hormone, increase protein production
LH- luteinizing hormome- induces ovulation, testost production
Prolactin- production of breast milk
TSH- stimulates thyroid hormone

38
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A

oxytoxin is responsible for smooth muscle contractions

ADH- anti diuretic, concentrates urine

39
Q

Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Reticularis

A

Aldosterone- electrolytes, water retention, salt increase
Cortisol- breakdown of lipids proteins to glucose fast
Androgens/Estrogens- androgens male puberty, women estrogens

40
Q

Calcium controlled when too high

A

The thyroid releases calcitonin and prompts the bone to increase calcium absorption (inhibits osteoclasts), and the kidneys to get rid of excess.

41
Q

Calcium controlled when too low

A

The parathyroid releases PTH and prompts the bones to release calcium (inhibits osteoblasts), the kidneys to retain calcium and the GI tract to increase absorption.

42
Q

Calcium Calmodulin 2nd Messenger system

A

Precondition:

  1. receptor unbound
  2. calmodulin inactive
  3. calcium channel closed
  4. G protein inactive
  5. Hormone arrives
  6. binds with receptor
  7. G protein gets phophorylated (activated)
  8. G protein opens the calcium channel
  9. Calcium comes in binds with calmodulin
  10. Calcium + Calmodulin move around to cause muscle contractions.
  11. Phosphate is removed from G protein, Channel closed
43
Q

Anterior Pituitary # of hormones

A

Releasing hormone
Hormone 1 from Ant Pituitary to
Endocrine gland releases
Hormone 2 to target

44
Q

Water - temperature heat stabilizer

A

Hydrogen bonds between water molecule store potential energy by vibrating more rapidly
stabilizes body temp
absorbs large amounts of heat at stable temp, resists big temp flucuations
blood (mostly water) can transfer heat to from deep in body to surface where heat it released

45
Q

Rules for Atoms

A 
Have to fill outermost shell 
like to be electrically neutral as possible
 two options: ionism and covalentism
Ionism; donating or receiving electrons
Covalentism; share electrons in pairs
46
Q

Rules for Atoms

A

1.Have to fill outermost shell
2. like to be electrically neutral as possible
two options: ionism and covalentism
Ionism; donating or receiving electrons
Covalentism; share electrons in pairs

47
Q

Non polar covalent

A

shared electrons equally 50/50

48
Q

Non polar covalent

A

shared electrons equally 50/50

49
Q

Water

bonds?

A

oxygen forms a polar covalent bond with Hydrogen atoms (shares electrons unequally)
partial positive charge to hydrogen atoms
partial negative charge to oxygen side
forms a lattice

50
Q

Water

functions?

A

Body temp stabilizer- blood composed of mostly water is able to carry heat from deep in the body. Water absorbs heat
Protection- around organs- tears lubrication
Chemical reactions-dissolve in water
Mixing medium- water is a major solvent used

51
Q

Ionism bond

A

TRANSFERS electrons

52
Q

Covalent bond

A

shares electrons» polar or non polar

53
Q

compound

A

combo of 2 or more different atoms

54
Q

organic compound

A

combo of atoms including Carbon

55
Q

inorganic compound

A

combo of atoms that do not contain Carbon

56
Q

molecule

A

two or more atoms chemically combined to form a structure that is independent (water molecule)

57
Q

nucleus

A

protons and neutrons in nucleus , control center with genetic info

58
Q

proton
electron
neutron

A

subatomic particle positively charged
“ “ negative charge
“ “ no charge

59
Q

ion

A

charged particle with electron TRANSFER (ionism)
more protons positively charged
more electrons neg charged

60
Q

Atomic weight/mass #

A

upper left
Protons + neutrons
can figure out by subtracting mass # by atomic # to get number of neutrons

61
Q

charge

A

unequal amount of protons and electrons the atom becomes charged

62
Q

disassociate

A

compounds dissolve in water, ions dissolve and separate

63
Q

electrolytes

A

cations, and anions that separate in water

conduct electrical charge

64
Q

hydrogen bond

A

positive hydrogen forms a hydrogen bond with negative oxygen
form shape of complex molecules
THIS SLIGHTLY POSITIVE END OF ONE MOLECULE (THE ‘H’ END) WILL BOND MILDLY TO THE OTHER (NEGATIVE) END OF A DIFFERENT MOLECULE – THIS KIND OF BOND USUALLY INVOLVES HYDROGEN

65
Q

electron shell

A

outermost shell of atom

66
Q

electron dots

A

valence electrons

67
Q

what happens to molecules in a solution of pure water

A

pure water is not charged

68
Q

pH is the measure of potential hydrogen

A

hydrogen proton concentration
14 acid
7 neutral
below 7 alkaline

69
Q

Pure water

A

H+ and OH-

70
Q

Acidic

A

pH less than 7, higher amount of H+

71
Q

Neutral

A

pH 7 equal concentrations fo H+ and OH-

72
Q

Alkaline

A

pH higher than 7, fewer H+ than OH-

73
Q

Acid

A

a proton donor, H+ is an acid,

HCl > H+ + Cl- is considered an acid

74
Q

base

A

proton acceptor, any substance that accepts a H+ is a base

The OH- are proton acceptors that combine with H+ to form water OH- + H+ = H2O

75
Q

blood pH

A

7.35 too acidic, acidosis ( nervous system depressed comatose), too alkaline alkalosis ( excitable nervous system convulsions)

76
Q

buffers

A 
resist changes in pH levels
bicarbonate
phosphate
amino acids
proteins
77
Q

carbohydrates

A

C, H, O attaches to proteins and lipids,

Physiology EXAM 1 (1 decks)

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