Exam 1

Question 1

Empiricism

Answer 1

John Locke
Not soul from the body, all from sensory experience
Tabula Rasa

Question 2

Rene Descartes

Answer 2

Dualism

Question 3

Structuralism

Answer 3

Wundt and Titchener
Elements of thought, introspection
“Triangle”

Question 4

Functionalism

Answer 4

William James
How mental & behavior function
How does nose/brain do these stuff
(Adaptive, Darwin)

Question 5

Behaviorism

Answer 5

John Watson and B.F. Skinner
DIS retrospection
1. Objective science
2. Only behavior, not mental reference

Question 6

Sigmund Freud

Answer 6

Psychoanalysis
Freudian psychology (unconscious mind and childhood psychology)

Question 7

Three basic types of research design

Answer 7

Descriptive
Correlational
Experimental

Question 8

Cognitive Revolution

Answer 8

Cognitive Science (study of mind)
Neuroscience (study of brain)

Question 9

Descriptive

Answer 9

Case Studies
Naturalistic
Survey

Question 10

Schacter

Answer 10

Electric shock and anxiety (wait with others)

Question 11

Habituation

Answer 11

a form of learning: stop responding to stimulus after repetition

Question 12

Three kinds of learning

Answer 12

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Social-cognitive learning

Question 13

Pavlov

Answer 13

unconditioned stimulus: food
unconditioned response: salivation
neutral stimulus: tone
-
conditioned stimulus: tone
conditioned response: salivation

Question 14

The timing of stimuli in classical conditioning

Answer 14

forward pairing, simultaneous pairing, backward pairing

Question 15

Extinction

Answer 15

Shark fin graph *1.5

Question 16

Generalization

Answer 16

A response conditioned to a particular CS tends to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the CS.

Question 17

Discrimination

Answer 17

If similar stimuli are paired with different UCS, the organism will learn the different associations.

Question 18

Limits of classical conditioning

Answer 18

Species are predisposed to learn some kinds of associations and not others.
No light or sound, but just sweetened water

Garcia and Koelling rat study

Question 19

Biological preparedness

Answer 19

Not all associations are created equal.

Association learned faster when UCS spider instead of flowers

Question 20

Little Albert

Answer 20

Rabbits and rats

Question 21

Fear Modules

Answer 21

Innate fears of certain things that were dangerous in our species’ past (snakes, heights, etc.).
Automatic! Controlled by neurocircuits

Question 22

Law of effect

Answer 22

Thorndike: actions lead to consequences

consequences shape behavior

Question 23

Operant conditioning

Answer 23

Skinner

Behaviors followed by pleasant consequencesare more likely to be repeated.

Question 24

Primary reinforcer

Answer 24

bring about pleasant state of affairs by fulfilling some biological need. We need food, water, & air – so behavior that bring us these things are generally reinforced – we do them again.

Question 25

Secondary/conditional reinforcer

Answer 25

they are pleasing because of their association with some primary reinforcer – they don’t in and of themselves fulfill some biological need but they are associated with some primary reinforcer.

Question 26

Reinforcement

Answer 26

ALWAYS brings on a more pleasant state. Increases target behavior.

Question 27

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 27

Behavior is followed by the termination of a negative stimulus (e.g., stop loud noise).

Question 28

imitations of Punishment

Answer 28

Tells what not to do, but not what to do instead.
Could be unintentionally reinforcing (child wants attention).
May lead to imitation of the punisher, aggression.
Punishment becomes reinforces for punisher.

Question 29

Fixed ratio & fixed interval

Answer 29

better

Question 30

Partial reinforcement

Answer 30

Reinforce intermittently
Less prone to extinction
opposite: continuous reinforcement

Question 31

Shaping

Answer 31

guide behavior towards desired behavior