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ACBS 445 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine

A

acts on tissue far away from site of production

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2
Q

Paracrine

A

acts on a site adjacent to site of production

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3
Q

Autocrine

A

acts on tissue that produced it

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4
Q

Physiological pH

A

7.4

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5
Q

Acidosis pH

A

< 7.35

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6
Q

Alkylosis pH

A

> 7.45

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7
Q

Roles of water in the body

A
  1. universal solvent: dissolves solutes
  2. Ability to maintain temperature
  3. maintain pH
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8
Q

All fatty acids with 4 or fewer carbons

A

(2) acetate
(3) propionate
(4) butyrate

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9
Q

All fatty acids with 14 or more carbons

A

(14) myristate
(16) polmitate: most common
(18) stearate

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10
Q

Generic ester bond

A

C-O-C

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11
Q

What do cis and trans refer to?

A

whether the bonds are on the same side or opposite

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12
Q

Understand why trans and saturated fats are “bad” for your health

A

b/c they can stack easily and can become more solid

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13
Q

Fluidity of fatty acids

A
  • Fluidity increases with an increase of cis db
  • Fluidity increases with decreased linearity
  • Fluidity increases with decrease in # of carbons
  • Fluidity increase with decreased # trans db
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14
Q

Name two essential fatty acids

A

linoleic acid

linolenic acid

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15
Q

Name the essential amino acids for the cow

A

none, microbes produce for them

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16
Q

Branched chain AA

A

valine
leucine
isoleucine

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17
Q

Sulfur AA

A

methionine

cysteine

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18
Q

Acidic AA

A

glutamate

aspartate

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19
Q

Basic AA

A

lysine
arginine
histidine

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20
Q

What bond stabilizes beta pleated sheets?

A
  • hydrogen bonds
  • salt bonds
  • hydrophobic interactions
  • van der waal interactions
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21
Q

What is the formula for fructose (also glucose)

A

C6H12O6

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22
Q

Disaccharides: maltose

A

glucose + glucose

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23
Q

Disaccharides: sucrose

A

glucose + fructose

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24
Q

Disaccharides: lactose

A

glucose + galactose

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25
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A
  • A: vision
  • D: sunlight
  • E: antioxidant
  • K: blood clotting
26
Q

List water soluble vitamins

A

B & C

27
Q

Macromolecules (6)

A
  • Ca2+
  • Phosphorus
  • Mg2+
  • Zn2+
  • Fe3+
  • I-
28
Q

Calcium (Ca2+) functions

A
  • contraction
  • calcium
  • cycling
  • energy expenditure
  • bones
  • egg shells
29
Q

Phosphorus

A
  • bone
  • phospholipids
  • activate/inactivate enzymes
  • ATP
  • Plasma membrane gradient
30
Q

Magnesium (Mg2+)

A

co factor for ATP rxns

31
Q

Zinc (Zn2+)

A

regulates gene expression

32
Q

Iron (Fe3+)

A
  • O2 transport/storage
33
Q

Iodine (I-)

A
  • salt
  • goiter
  • thyroid hormone
34
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A
  • required in diet

- not made in sufficient amounts to meet requirements

35
Q

Essential AA: three groups

A
  • PVT
  • TIM
  • HALL
36
Q

Essential AA: PVT

A
  • Phenylalanine
  • Valine
  • Threonine
37
Q

Essential AA: TIM

A
  • Tryptophan
  • Isoleucine
  • Methionine
38
Q

Essential AA: HALL

A
  • Histidine
  • Arganine
  • Leucine
  • Lysine
39
Q

Starch has what kind of linkages and branches at every ___ glucose molecules?

A
  • alpha 1 –> 4 linkages

- branches at every 24-30 glucose molecules

40
Q

Glycogen has what kind of linkages and branches at every ___ glucose molecules?

A
  • alpha 1 –> 6 linkages

- branches at every 12-14 glucose molecules

41
Q

Cellulose has what kind of linkages??

A

Beta 1—>4 linkages

42
Q

Main storage form of lipids in animals?

A

energy storage as carbohydrates

43
Q

Main storage form of carbohydrates in animals?

A

stored in liver and skeletal muscle

44
Q

What is bond hydrolysis?

A

of water; is the separation of water molecules into H and O

45
Q

What is released when a peptide bond is formed

A

H2O

46
Q

Primary structure

A

AA sequence

47
Q

Secondary structure

A
  • Geometric relationship between any 2 AA in a protein
  • Can’t be changed w/out breaking a bond
  • beta-pleated sheets and alpha helices
48
Q

What is secondary structure stabilized by?

A
  • H+ bonds
  • salt bonds
  • van der waal interactions
  • hydrophobic interactions
49
Q

Tertiary Structure

A
  • Spatial relationships between AA or secondary structures within a protein
  • can be altered by phosphorylation, interaction with a protein, ligand binding, acetylation
  • determined by crystallography
50
Q

Quaternary structure

A
  • Not every protein has

- Relationship between individual AA chains that form one functional protein

51
Q

Beta 1 –> 4 linkages for what molecule?

A

Cellulose

52
Q

Alpha 1 —> 4 linkages for what molecule?

A

starch

53
Q

Alpha 1 —> 6 linkages for what molecule?

A

Glycogen

54
Q

What makes minerals different from vitamins?

A

Minerals are inorganic

55
Q

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

means one pees a lot

  • extremely thirsty
  • hyponatemic: low blood sodium
  • anti-diuretic hormone isnt signaling properly (AVP) and dont reabsorb water in loop of henle
56
Q

Role of H bonds in hydrophobicity

A

uhhhh decrease interactions with water

57
Q

function of lipids

A
  • thermal/electrical insulation
  • membranes
  • energy storage (as carbohydrates)
58
Q

function of carbohydrates

A

energy

59
Q

function of proteins

A
  • depend on amino acid sequence
  • contractile
  • storage:
  • Regulatory or DNA binding: enzymes
  • structural
  • transport
60
Q

What forces drive alpha helices formation

A

secondary structure that consists of peptide bonds and stabilized by hydrogen bonds

61
Q

Why cant most animals break down cellulose?

A

lack digestive machinery to break bonds between monosaccharides of cellulose

ACBS 445 (1 decks)

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