Exam 1 Flashcards
What is nutrients?
Substances obtained from foods that are vital for growth and maintenance of a healthy body throughout life.
What is macronutrients?
Substances needed to supply energy. (In gram quantities per day
Example: Carbs, Fats, and Proteins
What is micronutrients?
Substances needed that don’t supply energy.
(In microgram to milligram quantities per day)
Example: Vitamins and Minerals
Essential Nutrients
Nutrients that MUST be obtained through the diet in order for the body to function properly.
Nutrient Density
The ratio derived by dividing a foods micronutrient content by its calorie content
Example: Fruits and Veggies
Energy Density
A comparison of the calorie content of a food with the weight of the food.
Example: Nuts, Cookies, and Fried foods
What is metabolism?
The group of chemical reactions occurring in the cells that maintain life.
What is anabolism?
Reactions that serve to build larger molecules from small molecules
(Energy required)
What is catabolism?
Reactions that serve the break down larger molecules into smaller molecules.
(Release Energy)
What is an Enzyme?
Large molecule (usually protein) that makes chemical reactions occur at a fast rate.
What does an enzyme bind to?
Substrate
This is what the enzyme makes and releases.
Product
Gastric ulcer
Erosion of stomach lining due to acid.
Cause: helicobacter pylori, stress, low stomach acid
Treatment: antacids and antibiotics
Constipation
Difficult or infrequent bowel evacuation.
Cause: Low water in stool, intestinal inflammation
Diarrhea
Increased fluidity and frequency of bowel movements
Cause: infectious agents,unbalanced microbiota, intestinal inflammation
Daily value
Generic standard set close to highest RDA value for a specific nutrient.
Lactose Intolerance
Occurs when individuals fail to produce lactase enzyme.
Hypoglycemia
Blood sugar levels under 70 mL/dL.
Hyperglycemia
Blood sugar levels above 125mg/mL for extended periods.
Glycemic Index
Ratio of blood glucose response to a given food compared to our glucose.
Glycemic Load
Grams of carbohydrates in a food multiplied by the glycemic index of that food, divide results by 100.
Ketosis
Metabolic state in which fat provides most of the fuel for the body
Ketoacidosis
Acidosis caused by the increased production of ketone bodies, as in diabetic acidosis.
Chylomicron
A lipoprotein (triglyceride) that carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cells.
VLDL
A lipoprotein (triglyceride) that carries lipids made and taken up by the liver to cells
LDL
A lipoprotein (cholesterol) that carries cholesterol made by the liver and from other sources to cells.
HDL
A lipoprotein (protein) that contributes to cholesterol removal from cells and ,in turn, excretion of it from the body.
GERD
Chronic heartburn
Omnivore
Diet consists of plants and animals.
Carnivore
Diet that consists of meat only
Herbivore
Diet that consists of only plants
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
The dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.
Adequate Intake (AI)
A recommended intake value based on observed or experimentally determined approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a group of healthy people that is assumed to be adequate; used when RDA cannot be determined.
What are DRIs
- recommended dietary allowance
- adequate intake
- tolerable upper intake level
Hydrogenation
To solidify an unsaturated fat or fatty acid.
Food Calorie
The amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
