Exam 1 Flashcards
Ch 1-5
Who discovered the cause of anthrax in animals and what did this lead them to do?
Robert Koch; it led him to look for other disease agents
What are Koch’s postulates?
A series of steps that must be taken to prove the cause of any infectious disease
What are the steps of Koch’s postulates?
1: suspected causative agent must be found in every diseased case & must be absent from healthy hosts
2: agent must be isolated & grown outside the host
3: a susceptible host must contract the disease when if introduced to it
4: the same agent must be present in the diseased experimental host
Who believed that there was a way to use chemicals to kill microorganisms? What did they use to treat what disease?
Paul Erlich; used Salvarsan to treat Syphilis
Who discovered penicillin in 1929? What did this discovery aid in the beginning of?
Alexander Fleming; helped start the field of pharmaceutical microbiology
Who is associated with the earliest form of vaccination (variolation) and had their only son innoculated?
Lady Mary Montagu
Who tested a vaccination hypothesis with cowpox and smallpox? How did they do this? What field did this begin
Edward Jenner
Infected a child w/cowpox; after the child recovered, attempted to infect them w/smallpox and found that they were immune
Began immunology
Who first attempted to introduce hand washing to the medical field and why? What did they find after implementing it?
Ignaz Semmelweis; did it after observing that maternal deaths at the hospital with medical students was 20x higher than births overseen by midwives or home births
The mortality rates began to resemble that of the midwives
Who modified and advanced the idea of antisepsis in health care? How was it modified from Semmelweis? What did they become the founder of?
Joseph Lister; began spraying wounds, surgical incisions, & dressings w/ carbolic acid
He became the founder of antiseptic surgery
Who introduced antiseptic techniques into nursing? How was this done and what is widely considered their major accomplishment?
Florence Nightingale
Put patients in clean clothing and had the dressings of each patient changed and cleaned routinely
Founding the first school for nurses is considered her biggest accomplishment
Who was the first to discover microbes & the microbial world? What was the one organism they couldn’t see?
Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek
Couldn’t see viruses bc they were too small
Who ‘s experiment in the late 1600s disproved spontaneous generation? What was the experiment and its outcome?
Francesco Redi
Exposed decaying meat to flies in three different ways
Uncovered: maggots developed
Covered: no maggots developed
Covered w/cheesecloth: no maggots
Who’s 1700s experiment provided evidence that proved spontaneous generation? What was the experiment?
John Needham
Boiled beef gravy & plant material infusions & stored them in sealed vials
Microbes were observed in the vials after a few days
Who again disproved spontaneous generation in the late 1700s? What was the experiment?
Lazzaro Spallanzani
Boiled plant infusions for nearly an hour & put in vials that were sealed by melting the necks closed
No microbes were observed
Who disproved spontaneous generation in the mid 1800s? What was the experiment? What was the defining outcome of this particular experiment?
Louis Pasteur
Boiled plant infusions & put into vials. Didn’t completely seal them, but bent their necks into an “S” shape to allow air to movie into the vial, but keep the microbes out
Ended the spontaneous generation debate
Who determined what causes fermentation & demonstrated that yeast can grow with or without oxygen?
Louis Pasteur
What type of microorganism?
Prokaryotic
Cell wall composed of peptidoglycan (or lack cell wall)
Don’t cause disease in humans, animals, or crops
Microbial recyclers
Reproduce asexually
Bacteria
What type of microorganism? Prokaryotic Cell wall lacks peptidoglycan; made of other chemicals Aren't known to cause disease in humans Usually found in extreme environments Reproduce asexually
Archaea
What type of microorganism?
Eukaryotic
Uni/Multicellular
Categorized based on pigment & composition of cell wall
Large microbes of these are common in the ocean
Some microbes of these are used as thickeners/emulsifiers in foods/cosmetics
Algae
What type of microorganism?
Eukaryotic
Get food from other organisms
Yeast and mold are types of this
Fungi
What type of microorganism?
Eukaryote
Most are capable of locomotion
Some live in animals and cause diseases
Protozoa
What type of microorganism?
Parasites composed of small amounts of genetic material surrounded by a coat of protein
Unseen until the electron microscope in 1930s
Viruses
What is the study of viruses?
Virology
Spontaneous Generation
The idea that living organisms can come from nonliving matter
