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BIOL 201 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

Ch 1-5

1
Q

Who discovered the cause of anthrax in animals and what did this lead them to do?

A

Robert Koch; it led him to look for other disease agents

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2
Q

What are Koch’s postulates?

A

A series of steps that must be taken to prove the cause of any infectious disease

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3
Q

What are the steps of Koch’s postulates?

A

1: suspected causative agent must be found in every diseased case & must be absent from healthy hosts
2: agent must be isolated & grown outside the host
3: a susceptible host must contract the disease when if introduced to it
4: the same agent must be present in the diseased experimental host

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4
Q

Who believed that there was a way to use chemicals to kill microorganisms? What did they use to treat what disease?

A

Paul Erlich; used Salvarsan to treat Syphilis

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5
Q

Who discovered penicillin in 1929? What did this discovery aid in the beginning of?

A

Alexander Fleming; helped start the field of pharmaceutical microbiology

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6
Q

Who is associated with the earliest form of vaccination (variolation) and had their only son innoculated?

A

Lady Mary Montagu

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7
Q

Who tested a vaccination hypothesis with cowpox and smallpox? How did they do this? What field did this begin

A

Edward Jenner
Infected a child w/cowpox; after the child recovered, attempted to infect them w/smallpox and found that they were immune
Began immunology

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8
Q

Who first attempted to introduce hand washing to the medical field and why? What did they find after implementing it?

A

Ignaz Semmelweis; did it after observing that maternal deaths at the hospital with medical students was 20x higher than births overseen by midwives or home births
The mortality rates began to resemble that of the midwives

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9
Q

Who modified and advanced the idea of antisepsis in health care? How was it modified from Semmelweis? What did they become the founder of?

A

Joseph Lister; began spraying wounds, surgical incisions, & dressings w/ carbolic acid
He became the founder of antiseptic surgery

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10
Q

Who introduced antiseptic techniques into nursing? How was this done and what is widely considered their major accomplishment?

A

Florence Nightingale
Put patients in clean clothing and had the dressings of each patient changed and cleaned routinely
Founding the first school for nurses is considered her biggest accomplishment

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11
Q

Who was the first to discover microbes & the microbial world? What was the one organism they couldn’t see?

A

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek

Couldn’t see viruses bc they were too small

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12
Q

Who ‘s experiment in the late 1600s disproved spontaneous generation? What was the experiment and its outcome?

A

Francesco Redi
Exposed decaying meat to flies in three different ways
Uncovered: maggots developed
Covered: no maggots developed
Covered w/cheesecloth: no maggots

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13
Q

Who’s 1700s experiment provided evidence that proved spontaneous generation? What was the experiment?

A

John Needham
Boiled beef gravy & plant material infusions & stored them in sealed vials
Microbes were observed in the vials after a few days

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14
Q

Who again disproved spontaneous generation in the late 1700s? What was the experiment?

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani
Boiled plant infusions for nearly an hour & put in vials that were sealed by melting the necks closed
No microbes were observed

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15
Q

Who disproved spontaneous generation in the mid 1800s? What was the experiment? What was the defining outcome of this particular experiment?

A

Louis Pasteur
Boiled plant infusions & put into vials. Didn’t completely seal them, but bent their necks into an “S” shape to allow air to movie into the vial, but keep the microbes out
Ended the spontaneous generation debate

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16
Q

Who determined what causes fermentation & demonstrated that yeast can grow with or without oxygen?

A

Louis Pasteur

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17
Q

What type of microorganism?
Prokaryotic
Cell wall composed of peptidoglycan (or lack cell wall)
Don’t cause disease in humans, animals, or crops
Microbial recyclers
Reproduce asexually

A

Bacteria

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18
Q 
What type of microorganism?
Prokaryotic
Cell wall lacks peptidoglycan; made of other chemicals
Aren't known to cause disease in humans
Usually found in extreme environments
Reproduce asexually
A

Archaea

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19
Q

What type of microorganism?
Eukaryotic
Uni/Multicellular
Categorized based on pigment & composition of cell wall
Large microbes of these are common in the ocean
Some microbes of these are used as thickeners/emulsifiers in foods/cosmetics

A

Algae

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20
Q

What type of microorganism?
Eukaryotic
Get food from other organisms
Yeast and mold are types of this

A

Fungi

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21
Q

What type of microorganism?
Eukaryote
Most are capable of locomotion
Some live in animals and cause diseases

A

Protozoa

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22
Q

What type of microorganism?
Parasites composed of small amounts of genetic material surrounded by a coat of protein
Unseen until the electron microscope in 1930s

A

Viruses

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23
Q

What is the study of viruses?

A

Virology

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24
Q

Spontaneous Generation

A

The idea that living organisms can come from nonliving matter

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25
Q

Taxonomic System

A

A system for naming and classifying similar organisms together

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26
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Branch of medical microbiology that studies chemicals for the potential to destroy pathogenic microorganisms

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27
Q

Immunology

A

Study of the body’s specific defenses against pathogens

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28
Q

Microorganism

A

An organism too small to be seen without a microscope

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29
Q

Pathogen/Pathogenic

A

A microorganism capable of causing disease

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30
Q

Prontosil (Sulfa Drugs)

A

a nonantibiotic antibacterial drug; broadly effective against gram-positive cocci

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31
Q

Germ Theory

A

Hypothesis that microorganisms are responsible for disease; formulated by Pasteur in 1857

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32
Q

Aeseptic Technique

A

Taking measures to prevent contamination from pathogens and minimize the risk of infection

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33
Q

Taxonomy

A

The science of naming & classifying organisms

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34
Q

Who provided the first standardized names/classifications of organisms based on shared characteristics?

A

Carolus Linneaus (Carl von Linne)

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35
Q

Species

A

Organisms that can successfully interbreed

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36
Q

Genera/Genus

A

The grouping of similar species

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37
Q

Families

A

Grouping of similar Genera

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38
Q

Orders

A

Grouping of similar families

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39
Q

Classes

A

Grouping of similar orders

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40
Q

Phyla/Division

A

Grouping of similar classes

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41
Q

Kingdoms

A

Grouping of similar Phyla/Divisions

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42
Q

Plantae

A

Non motile, grow w/out ingesting food

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43
Q

Animalia

A

Motile & ingest food

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44
Q

Phylogenetic Hierarchy

A

The ways in which organisms are grouped should reflect their evolution

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45
Q

Dichotomous Key

A

Method of identifying organisms in which information is arranged in paired statements, only one of which applies to any particular organism

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46
Q

Who developed the 5 Kingdoms approach?

A

Robert Whittaker

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47
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

Using two names for every organism

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48
Q

Specific Epithet

A

Latter portion of the descriptive name of a species

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49
Q

What was Carl Woese’s contribution to micro?

A

Proposed a new classification scheme that included domains: Eukarya, Bacteria, & Archaea

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50
Q

Archaea

A

Domain that includes all prokaryotic cells having archaeal rRNA sequences

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51
Q

Bacteria

A

Domain that includes all prokaryotic cells having bacterial rRNA sequences

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52
Q

Domain

A

Any of three basic types of cell groupings distinguished by Woese, containing the Linnaean taxon of kingdoms

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53
Q

Eukarya (Eukaryotes)

A

Domain that includes all eukaryotic cells

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54
Q

Fungi

A

Eukaryotic organisms that have cell walls and obtain food from other organisms

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55
Q

Prokaryotae (Prokaryotes)

A

Any unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus. Classification that includes bacteria and archaea

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56
Q

Protista

A

Kingdom that contains mostly single-celled organisms

57
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Sharing a pair of electrons between two atoms

58
Q

Valence

A

An atom’s combining capability

59
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more combined atoms

60
Q

Compound

A

A molecule with more than one element

61
Q

Electronegativity

A

The attraction of an atom for electrons

62
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A

Equal sharing of electrons between atoms with similar electronegativites

63
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

Unequal sharing of electrons

64
Q

Acid

A

A substance that dislocates into one or more hydrogen ions & one or more anions

65
Q

Base

A

A molecule that binds with H+ when dissolved into water; some dissociate into cations & hydroxyl (OH-) which combine with hydrogen ions to form water molecules

66
Q

Buffer

A

Substances that prevent drastic changes in internal pH by removing excess hydrogen and hydroxyl ions; can be overwhelmed

67
Q

pH

A

Scale used for measuring the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

68
Q

Hydroxyl

A

Most reactive of the toxic forms of oxygen; alcohol, monosaccharides, amino acids

69
Q

Organic Compounds

A

Contains both carbon and hydrogen

70
Q

Carboxyl

A

Present in most organic acids; amino acids, proteins, fatty acids

71
Q

Amine

A

Organic compound; amino acid, protein

72
Q

Sulfhydryl

A

Univalent radical group; amino acids, protein

73
Q

Phosphate

A

Phospholipids, nucleotides, ATP

74
Q

Functional Group

A

Common atom arrangements

75
Q

Lipids

A

Group of organic macromolecules not composed of regular subunits; all hydrophobic (insoluble in water)

76
Q

Fats

A

Triglycerides; made via dehydration synthesis reactions; contain 3 fatty acid molecules linked to glycerol

77
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids

A

Hydrogen saturated; carbon atoms are solely linked by single bonds & covalently linked to 2 hydrogen atoms

78
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A

Monounsaturated: one double bond between adjacent carbon atoms
Polyunsaturated: more than one double bond between carbon atoms

79
Q

Phospholipids

A

Contain only 2 fatty acid chains instead of 3; hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail; make up the phospholipid bilayer

80
Q

Proteins

A

Composed of mostly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, & sulfur

81
Q

Amino Acids

A

Contain a basic amino group, a hydrogen atom, and an acidic carboxyl group

82
Q

Polypeptide

A

Covalent bonds between amino acids

83
Q

Primary Structure

A

Its sequence of amino acids

84
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, & hydro(philic/phobic) characteristics (alpha-helix or beta-pleated sheets)

85
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

The 3D shape defined by further hydrogen bonding & disulfide bridges between neighboring cysteine amino acid molecules

86
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

2+ polypeptides acting as one protein

87
Q

Function of proteins

A

Regulation, transportation, defense & offense, & enzymatic catalysis

88
Q

Polymers

A

Chains of monomers

89
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water

90
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

Formation of larger molecules from smaller reactants accompanied by the loss of a water molecule

91
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

A

Nucleic acid composed of nucleotides made up of phosphate, a deoxyribose pentose sugar, and an arrangement of the bases adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

92
Q

Ribonucleic Acid

A

Nucleic acid composed of nucleotides made up of phosphate, a ribose pentose sugar, and an arrangement of the bases adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine

93
Q

Vital genetic material of cells and viruses

A

DNA & RNA

94
Q

Purines

A

Double ringed molecules (adenine and guanine)

95
Q

Pyramidines

A

Single ringed molecules (Cytosine, thymine, and uracil)

96
Q

Function of nucleic acids

A

Store and transfer genetic information

97
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

2 hydroxyl groups in a phosphoric acid react with hydroxyl groups on other molecules to form 2 ester bonds

98
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Compounds of solely carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

99
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simplest carb (one sugar molecule)

100
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Polymers composed of 10s, 100s, or 1000s of monosaccharides that have been covalently linked in dehydration synthesis

101
Q

Function of carbohydrates

A

Storage of chemical energy and energy source

102
Q

Bohr Diagram/Model

A

Model of atoms that predicts the behavior of atoms; only applies to the 1st three rows of periodic table + potassium and calcium

103
Q

Atomic mass

A

Number of protons + number of neutrons

104
Q

Atomic Number

A

Number of protons in the nucleus

105
Q

Electrons

A

Outside the nucleus; negative charge; equal to # of protons

106
Q

Protons

A

In nucleus; positive charge; equal to # of electrons

107
Q

Neutrons

A

In nucleus; no charge

108
Q

Cation

A

Positive charge; Results from an ion losing an electron

109
Q

Anion

A

Negative charge; Results from an ion gaining an electron

110
Q

Ions/Ionic Bonds

A

A bond between a cation and an anion

111
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Repelled by water; isn’t water soluble

112
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Attracted to water; is water soluble

113
Q

Isotope

A

Atoms of the same element that differ only by the number of neutrons

114
Q

Anabolism

A

All the synthesis reactions in an organism taken together

115
Q

Atom

A

Smallest chemical unit of matter

116
Q

Catabolism

A

All the decomposition reactions in an organism taken together

117
Q

Chemical Bonds

A

An interaction between atoms in which electrons are either shared or transferred in an effort to fill their valence shells

118
Q

Complementary Nucleotides

A

Members of pairs of nucleotides that can hydrogen-bond to one another

119
Q

Decomposition

A

A chemical reaction in which the bonds of larger molecules are broken to form smaller atoms, ions, and molecules

120
Q

Denaturation

A

Process by which a protein’s 3D structure is altered, eliminating function

121
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two monosaccharide molecules joined together

122
Q

Electrolytes

A

Any hydrated cation or anion; can conduct electricity through a solution

123
Q

Electron Shells (Clouds)

A

A grouping of electrons around the nucleus of an atom (2 in inner, 8 in subsequent two shells)

124
Q

Element

A

Matter that is composed of a single type of atom

125
Q

Endergonic Reaction

A

Requires more energy than it produces

126
Q

Exergonic Reaction

A

Releases energy

127
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Electrical attraction between a partially charged hydrogen atom and a full or partial negative charge on a different region of the same molecule or another molecule

128
Q

Inorganic Chemicals

A

Molecule lacking carbon

129
Q

Ionization (Dissociation)

A

The process by which an atom/molecule gains a positive/negative charge to form ions

130
Q

Monomers

A

Subunit of a macromolecule

131
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space or has mass

132
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Organic substance whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain

133
Q

Nucleotide

A

Compound of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group

134
Q

Nucleus

A

Spherical/Ovoid membranous organelle containing a eukaryotic cell’s primary genetic material

135
Q

Organic Phosphate

A

An organic compound with a phosphate group

136
Q

Peptide Bond

A

A covalent bond between amino acids in proteins

137
Q

Products

A

The atoms, ions, or molecules that remain after a chemical reaction is complete

138
Q

Reactants

A

The atoms, ions, or molecules that exist at the beginning of a chemical reaction

139
Q

Synthesis Reaction

A

A chemical reaction involving the formation of larger, more complex molecules

BIOL 201 (6 decks)

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