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Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study of how disease is distributed in populations and the factors that influence or determine this distribution.

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2
Q

What is the first objective of Epi?

A

To identify the etiology or cause of a disease and the relevant risk factors

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3
Q

What is the second objective of Epi?

A

To determine the extent of disease found in the

community.

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4
Q

What is the third objective of Epi?

A

To study the natural history and prognosis of disease.

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5
Q

What is the fourth objective of Epi?

A

To evaluate both existing and newly developed preventive and therapeutic measures and modes of health care delivery.

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6
Q

What is the fifth objective of Epi?

A

To provide the foundation for developing public policy relating to environmental problems, genetic issues, and other considerations regarding disease prevention and health promotion.

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7
Q

What are the 10 great Public Health Achievements?

A 
Immunizations
Motor-Vehicle Safety
Workplace Safety
Control of Infectious Diseases
Declines in Deaths from Heart Disease and Stroke
Safer and Healthier Foods
Healthier Mothers and Babies
Family Planning
Fluoridation of Drinking Water
Tobacco as a Health Hazard
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8
Q

What are primary preventions?

A

Vaccine/ immunizations

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9
Q

What are secondary preventions?

A

screening

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10
Q

What are tertiary preventions?

A

rehabilitation

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11
Q

Which is more expensive

Population-based or High risk approach?

A

High risk approach

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12
Q

What is a Prognosis?

A

the likely course of a disease or ailment

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13
Q

What is an endemic?

A

the presence of a disease within a given area

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14
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

a disease/ illness in excess of normal

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15
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

Worldwide epidemic

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16
Q

What was Edward Jenner known for?

A

Small Pox vaccine

“Cowpox”

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17
Q

What was Ignaz Semmelweis known for?

A

Childbed fever

Hand washing

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18
Q

What was John Snow known for?

A

Cholera

Germs in water

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19
Q

How many opioid related deaths in the US were there in 2016?

A

64,000

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20
Q

What is chronic disease?

A

A disease that persists for a long time

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21
Q

How long does a chronic disease last?

A

3 months or more

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22
Q

How many deaths occur from chronic diseases worldwide?

A

60%

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23
Q

Who does chronic diseases mostly affect?

A

Older people

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24
Q

In the Chronic Disease Continuum where would primary prevention be used?

A

Individual behaviors

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25
Q

In the Chronic Disease Continuum where would secondary prevention be used?

A

Chronic conditions

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26
Q

In the Chronic Disease Continuum where would tertiary prevention be used?

A

Chronic disease

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27
Q

What is 86% of the annual health care cost used for?

A

People with chronic and mental health conditions

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28
Q

What is the main driver of healthcare cost in the US?

A

An aging population

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29
Q

What are the stages of the Trantheoretical Model?

A 
Precontemplation 	(Enter)
Contemplation 
Determination (Exit/Re-entry)
Action (Exit/RE-entry)
Relapse
Maintenance	(Recovery)
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30
Q

What is the entry stage of the trantheoretical Model?

A

Precontemplation

31
Q

What are the re-entry/exit stages of the trantheoretical model

A

Determination (Exit/Re-entry)

Action (Exit/RE-entry)

32
Q

What are the 4 goals chronic disease prevention and control?

A
  1. Reduce the incidence of disease
  2. Delay the onset of disease and disability
  3. Alleviate the severity of disease
  4. Improve the health-related quality and duration of the individual’s life
33
Q

When were doctors no longer expected to provide free services?

34
Q

When was Truman’s plan denounced?

35
Q

When was the income of doctors raised?

36
Q

When was the push for health insurance within the Roosevelt administration?

37
Q

When was President Nixon’s plan for national health insurance rejected?

38
Q

Who signed Medicare & Medicaid into law? When?

A

President Johnson

1960s

39
Q

Who renamed the prepaid group health care plans? When?

A

President Nixon

1980s

40
Q

When did insurance companies begin complaining about service methods?

41
Q

When did the cost of health care double?

42
Q

When did medicare start providing the most healthcare?

43
Q

When did the rate of uninsured people hit an all time high?

44
Q

What was the highest rate of uninsured people?

45
Q

Chronic disease are responsible for what percentage of healthcare cost in the US?

46
Q

What is Epidemiologic Surveillance?

A

Ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data in the process of describing and monitoring a health event

47
Q

What are the two ways to monitor data of incidence

A

Quality adjusted life year (QALY)

Disablility adjsted life year (DALY)

48
Q

What is data?

A

observations on one or more variables

49
Q

What are variables?

A

Any quantity that varies

50
Q

What are statistics?

A

Study of samples

Measures within samples

51
Q

What are the forms of Categorical data?

A

Nominal
Ordinal
Qualitative

52
Q

What are the forms of numerical data?

A

Discrete
Continuous
Quantitative

53
Q

What is the difference between nominal and ordinal?

A

both are exclusive
nominal is unordered
ordinal is ordered
(O = ordered)

54
Q

What is the difference between discrete & continuous?

A

Discrete whole numbers

Continuous all possible numbers

55
Q

What is the geometric mean used for?

A

Skewed right data

56
Q

What is weighted mean?

A

certain values are more valuable than others

57
Q

What is range?

A

the difference between the largest and smallest observations in data

58
Q

What is the interquartile range?

A

Central 50%

59
Q

What is the Interdecile range?

A

Central 80%

60
Q

What are the advantages of mean?

A

Uses all data values

Mathematically manageable

61
Q

What are the advantages of weighted mean?

A

Uses all data values
Mathematically manageable
Ascribes relative importance to each observation
Alegberically defined

62
Q

What are the advantages of mode?

A

Easily determined by categorical data

63
Q

What are the disadvantages of median?

A

Ignores most of the information
Not algebraically defined
Complicated sampling distribution

64
Q

What are the advantages of geometric mean?

A

Uses all data values
Mathematically manageable
Appropriate for right skewed data

65
Q

What are the disadvantages of weighted mean?

A

Weights must be known or estimated

66
Q

What are the advantages of median?

A

Not distorted by outliers

Not distorted by skewed data

67
Q

What are the disadvantages of mode?

A

Ignores most of the information
Not algebraically defined
Unknown sampling distribution

68
Q

What are the disadvantages of mean?

A

Distorted by outliers

Distorted by skewed data

69
Q

What are the disadvantages of geometric mean?

A

Only appropriate if the lof transformation produces a symmetrical distribution

70
Q

What are determinants?

A

Any factor that brings about change in a health condition or other defined characteristics

71
Q

What is a Diagnosis?

A

the identification an illness or other problem by examination of the symptoms

72
Q

What does the first step of epi rely on?

A

descriptive data

73
Q

What is the “Failure of Success”?

A

lower quality of life towards the end of life

Epi (1 decks)

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