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Physiology II > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

define nucleus

A

aggregation of dendrites and nerve cell bodies in the CNS

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2
Q

define ganglion

A

aggregation of dendrites and nerve cell bodies in the PNS

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3
Q

define nerve

A

bundle of fibers in the PNS

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4
Q

define tract

A

bundle of fibers in the CNS

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5
Q

define commissure

A

tract in the CNS that crosses from one side to another

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6
Q

define white matter

A

areas of myelinated axons

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7
Q

define gray matter

A

areas of unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, and dendrites

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8
Q

when does the formation of the nervous system occur

A

at the end of the second week to the end of the eighth week

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9
Q

what are the developmental stages of the neural tube

A

neural plate
neural folds
neural tube

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10
Q

what are the three major subdivisions of the nervous system

A

CNS
PNS
ANS

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11
Q

what are the main components of the CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

what are the main components of the PNS

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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13
Q

what are the main components of the ANS

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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14
Q

define anencephaly

A

the failure of the cranial end of the neural tube to close

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15
Q

define holoprosencephaly

A

the failure of the prosencephalon to divide into two cerebral hemispheres

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16
Q

what is spina bifida occulta

A

the failure of the inferior neuropore to close, however spinal cord function is normal

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17
Q

what is spinal bifida cystic

A

the presentation of a sac like cyst at the caudal end of the spine

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18
Q

what are the characteristics of meningocele

A

only the meninges are found in the sac

spinal cord function may be impaired

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19
Q

what are the characteristics of meningomyelocele

A 
both meninges and spinal cord are found in the sac
abnormal growth of spinal cord
lower extremity paralysis
bowel and bladder dysfunction
loss of sensation to lower limbs
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20
Q

what are the characteristics of myeloschisis

A

failure of caudal neural folds to close

most severe of the defects

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21
Q

what are the characteristics of arnold chiari deformity

A

hydrocephalus
malformation of lower cranial nerves
medulla and pons are small and deformed

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22
Q

define epithalamus

A

habenular nuclei involved in responses to odor

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23
Q

define thalamus

A

a relay station for info to and from the brain

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24
Q

define hypothalamus

A

mammillary bodies involved in olfactory reflexes and responses to odors

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25
Q

define superior colliculi

A

visual reflexes

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26
Q

define inferior colliculi

A

auditory and olfactory reflexes

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27
Q

what are the functions of the cerebellum

A

coordinate skeletal muscle movements
maintain equilibrium and posture
synergic control of muscle activity

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28
Q

define axon cell body

A

the part of the neuron that encloses the nucleus and other organelles to maintain the neuron

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29
Q

define dendrites

A

branches of the cell body that carry info to the cell body

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30
Q

define axon

A

the part of the neuron that carries info to another cell

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31
Q

what 2 branches do spinal nerves divide into

A

dorsal primary ramus

ventral primary ramus

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32
Q

what does each spinal nerve in the thoracolumbar region give off before branching into primary rami

A

white ramus communicans

gray ramus communicans

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33
Q

define paravertebral ganglia

A

site of cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic nerves
site of synapses between preganglionic myelinated sympathetic neurons and postganglionic non myelinated sympathetic neurons

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34
Q

define prevertebral ganglion

A

site of synapses between preganglionic myelinated sympathetic neurons and postganglionic non myelinated sympathetic neurons

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35
Q

define splanchnic nerve

A

a nerve supplying viscera

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36
Q

define reflex arc

A

a pathway that leaves from and returns to the CNS

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37
Q

define afferent pathways

A

carry info to CNS

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38
Q

define efferent pathways

A

carry info to muscles

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39
Q

define interneuron

A

modulate interaction between afferent and efferent pathways

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40
Q

what are the components of a synapse

A

presynaptic membrane
synaptic cleft
postsynaptic membrane

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41
Q

define somatosensory axis

A

the sequence of structures involved in the transmission of a sensory signal from peripheral receptors to higher brain centers

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42
Q

what are the components of the somatosensory axis pathway

A 
peripheral receptors
afferent neurons
spinal cord or brainstem
reticular substance
cerebellum
thalamus
somesthetic areas of cerebral cortex
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43
Q

define primary afferent neurons

A

synapse in the poster horns of spinal cord or sensory nuclei in the brain

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44
Q

define secondary afferent neurons

A

synapse in the thalamus

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45
Q

define tertiary afferent neurons

A

synapse in the somesthetic areas of cerebral cortex

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46
Q

define skeletal motor nerve axis

A

refers to the sequence of structures involved in the transmission of an action potential from the higher brain centers to skeletal muscles

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47
Q

what are the skeletal motor nerve components

A

motor cortex of cerebrum
efferent pathways
effectors: skeletal muscles

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48
Q

define decremental conduction

A

the gradual loss of the potential as the depolarization spreads from the site of initiation

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49
Q

define electronic conduction

A

direct spread of electrical current by ion conduction in the dendritic fluid without generating an action potential

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50
Q

define excitatory state

A

the summated degree of excitatory drive to the neuron

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51
Q

define firing rate

A

the threshold that the neuron must remain above in order to fire repeatedly

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52
Q

what determines firing rate

A

normal excitatory rate

the changes in excitatory rate due to superimposition

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53
Q

define synaptic delay

A

refers to the time it takes to transmit a signal from a presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron

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54
Q

what factors contribute to synaptic delay

A

time it takes to release the neurotransmitter
time it takes to diffuse across membrane
how it acts on postsynaptic membrane
time it takes for receptor to increase membrane permeability
time it takes for the inward diffusion of sodium

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55
Q

what two sources supply blood to the brain

A

vertebral arteries

internal carotids

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56
Q

what is the circle of willis

A

a pentagonal shaped circle of arteries on the ventral surface of the brain that unites the two internal carotid arteries

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57
Q

what are the components of the circle of willis

A 
posterior cerebral arteries
posterior communicating arteries
internal carotids
anterior cerebral arteries
anterior communicating artery
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58
Q

what are the components of the telencephalon

A

cerebral hemispheres
olfactory bulb
basal nuclei

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59
Q

what are the functions of the occipital lobe

A

integrates eye focusing movements
correlates visual images with visual memory
involved in conscious perception of vision

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60
Q

what are the functions of the parietal lobe

A

understanding speech
somatesthetic interpretation
formulating words to express thoughts and emotions

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61
Q

what are the functions of the frontal lobe

A 
voluntary motor control 
motivation 
aggression 
mood 
personality
cognitive processes
verbal communication
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62
Q

what are the functions of the temporal lobe

A

receives/interprets olfactory and auditory sensations

responsible for storage of memory related to auditory and visual experiences

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63
Q

what are the functions of the insula lobe

A

involved with memory

highest levels of brain function

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64
Q

what are the functions of the epithalamus

A

involved in emotional and visceral responses to odors

65
Q

what are the functions of the pineal body

A

secretes melatonin

66
Q

what are the function of the thalamus

A

relays all sensory information except smell to the cerebral cortex
provides crude awareness
initial autonomic response of the body to intense pain
interpretation center for crude pain, temperature, light touch, and pressure
plays a role in arousal and alerting
plays a role in complex reflex movements

67
Q

what are the functions of the reticular activating system

A

modulates sensation of pain
modulates certain postural reflexes and muscle tone
helps control breathing and heartbeat
regulates level of brain arousal and consciousness
made up of diffuse aggregations of cells

68
Q

what are the three types of neurons

A

granular
fusiform
stellate

69
Q

what is the function of layer 4 of the cerebral cortex

A

termination of most incoming specific sensory signals

70
Q

what is the function of layers 5 and 6 of the cerebral cortex

A

origin of most output signals

fibers to thalamus from 6

71
Q

what is the function of layers 1,2,3 of the cerebral cortex

A

intracortical association functions

72
Q

define primary motor areas

A

direct connections with specific muscles

73
Q

define primary sensory areas

A

detect specific sensations

74
Q

define secondary motor areas

A

provide patterns of motor activity

75
Q

define secondary sensory areas

A

analyze meanings of specific sensory signals

76
Q

what are the sub areas of the parieto-occipitotemporal association area

A

area for analysis of spatial coordinates
wernicke’s area
angular gyrus area
area for naming objects

77
Q

what are the functions of the prefrontal association area

A

receives preanalyzed sensory information necessary for planning effective movements
carries out though processes in the mind

78
Q

what are the functions of the limbic association area

A

concerned with behavior, emotions, motivation

79
Q

what is the function of the broca’s area

A

provides circuitry for word formation

works closely with wernicke’s area

80
Q

what is the function of wernicke’s area

A

language comprehension

81
Q

what happens if you cut the corpus callosum

A

blocking of transfer of information from wernicke’s area to non dominant motor cortex
prevention of the transfer of somatic and visual information from right hemisphere into wernicke’s area
results in two entirely separate conscious portions of the brain

82
Q

define declarative memory

A

refers to memory of various details of an integrated thought

surrounds, time relationships, causes of experience, meaning of experience

83
Q

define reflexive memory

A

associated with motor activities

84
Q

define short term memory

A

lasts only as long as person thinks of number or facts

85
Q

define intermediate long term memory

A

lasts many minutes or week

86
Q

what structural changes occur in long term memory

A

increase in vesicle please site for secretion of transmitter substance
increase in number of transmitter vesicles released
increase in number of presynaptic terminals
changes in structures of dendritic spines

87
Q

what are the sensory receptor types

A 
mechanoreceptors
thermoreceptors
nociceptors
electromagnetic receptors
chemoreceptors
88
Q

define nociceptors

A

free nerve endings responding to pain

89
Q

define electromagnetic receptors

A

include rods and cones of the eye for vision

90
Q

define differential sensitivity

A

each type of receptor is highly sensitive to one type of stimulus and is almost non responsive to other types

91
Q

define modality

A

refers to each of the principal types of sensation

92
Q

define labeled line principle

A

refers to the specificity of nerve fibers for transmitting only one modality of sensation

93
Q

define adaptation

A

all sensory receptors adapt either partially or completely to any constant stimulus after a period of time

94
Q

what are the mechanisms of stimulation for receptors

A

mechanical deformation
application of a chemical
temperature change
electromagnetic radiation

95
Q

define receptor potential

A

potentials created by opening modality gated channels in response to membrane deformation caused by touch or pressure

96
Q

describe tonic receptors

A

slow adapting
detect continuous stimulus strength
transmit impulses as long as stimulus is present

97
Q

describe phasic receptors

A

rapidly adapting
do not transmit a continuous signal
stimulated only when stimulus strength changes
transmit information regarding rate of change

98
Q

define spatial summation

A

increasing signal strength is transmitted by using progressively greater number of fibers

99
Q

define temporal summation

A

increases signal strength by increasing frequency of nerve impulses in each fiber

100
Q

define neuronal pool

A

neuronal area within the pool stimulated by each incoming nerve fiber

101
Q

define discharge zone

A

includes all the output fibers stimulated by the incoming fiber

102
Q

define facilitation/inhibition zone

A

neurons further from the discharge zone that are facilitated but not excited

103
Q

define diverging neuronal pathways

A

may result in amplification of initial signal

may allow transmission of original to separate areas

104
Q

define converging neuronal pathways

A

multiple input fibers converge onto a single output neuron

105
Q

define reverberatory circuit

A

caused by positive feedback within neuronal circuit

circuit once stimulated may discharge repetitively for a long time

106
Q

define somatic senses

A

collect sensory information from all over the body

107
Q

name types of somatic senses

A

mechanoreceptive
thermorecptive
pain

108
Q

define special sense

A

refers to vision, hearing, smell, taste, and equilibrium

109
Q

define exteroreceptive sensation

A

sensation from the surface of the body

110
Q

define visceral sensation

A

sensation that refers to the physical state of the body

111
Q

define deep sensation

A

sensation that refers to deep pressure, pain, and vibrations

112
Q

what are the three types of neurons that make up the ascending pathways

A

primary
secondary
tertiary

113
Q

define brodmann’s areas

A

the 50 distinct areas of the cerebral cortex

114
Q

define refraction

A

the bending of light waves at an angulated surface of a transparent material

115
Q

what does the degree of refraction depend on

A

the ratio of the two refractive indices of the two transparent media
the degree of angulation between the interface and the entering wave front of the light waves

116
Q

define refractive index

A

the ratio of the velocity of light in air to the velocity of light traveling in the substance

117
Q

define refractive power

A

a measure of how much a lens bends light waves

118
Q

define focal point

A

the point through which all parallel rays of light will pass after passing through each part of the lens

119
Q

define focal length

A

the distance from the center of the lens to the focal point

120
Q

define emmetropia

A

refers to the normal eye with regard to depth of focus

all distant objects can be seen clearly

121
Q

define hyperopia

A

farsightedness

usually due to an eyeball that is too short

122
Q

define myopia

A

nearsightedness

usually due to an eyeball that is

123
Q

define visual acuity

A

a measure of the resolving power of the eye

124
Q

what is the pathway of fluid flow in the eye

A

anterior chamber to canal of Schlemm to aqueous veins in the sclera

125
Q

define tonometer

A

used to measure intraocular pressure

126
Q

what are the parts of a photoreceptor

A

outer segment
inner segment
nucleus
synaptic body

127
Q

name the layers of the retina

A 
photoreceptors
horizontal cells
bipolar cells
amacrine cells
ganglion cells
128
Q

describe the 3 neuron pathway for cone vision

A

cones
bipolar cells
ganglion cells

129
Q

describe the 4 neuron pathway for rod vision

A

rods
bipolar cells
amacrine cells
ganglion cells

130
Q

what is glutamate used for

A

used between rod/cone cells and bipolar cells

131
Q

describe photoreceptors

A

includes rods and cones
transmits signals to outer plexiform layer
synapses with bipolar cells and horizontal cells

132
Q

describe horizontal cells

A

transmits signals from rods and cones to bipolar cells
transmits signals to outer plexiform layer
output is inhibitory

133
Q

describe bipolar cells

A

transmits signals from rods, cones, and horizontal cells to inner plexiform layer
synapses with amacrine and ganglion cells

134
Q

describe amacrine cells

A

transmits signals directly from bipolar to ganglion cells

135
Q

whose axons make up the optic nerve

A

ganglion cells

136
Q

describe ganglion cells

A

transmits signals from retina to brain

3 types: W, X, Y

137
Q

describe interplexiform cells

A

transmits from inner plexiform layer to outer plexiform layer

138
Q

describe W ganglion cells

A 
small
make up 40% of ganglion cells
transmits signals 8m/s
receive most of their excitation from rods transmitted by way of small bipolar cells and amacrine cells 
have broad fields
139
Q

describe X ganglion cells

A

medium
make up 55% of ganglion cells
transmit signals 14m/s
have small fields

140
Q

describe Y ganglion cells

A

large
make up 5% of ganglion cells
transmit signals 50m/s
respond to rapid changes in visual image

141
Q

what is the function of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus

A

receives input from optic nerve

relays information from optic tract to visual cortex by way of optic radiation

142
Q

define transmission gating

A

lateral geniculate nucleus controls how much of the signal is allowed to pass to the cortex

143
Q

what is the source of gating control

A

corticofugal fibers from primary visual cortex

reticular areas of the mesencephalon

144
Q

define the conduction pathway sequence

A

tympanic membrane
auditory ossicles
oval window

145
Q

describe oval window

A

stapes attaches to oval window

oval window open into the scala vestibuli

146
Q

describe round window

A

membrane covered region at the end of the scala tympani

147
Q

describe tensor tympani

A

a muscle that inserts on the malleus and pull it inward

148
Q

describe stapedius

A

a muscle that inserts on the stapes and pulls it outward

149
Q

what are the components of the cochlea

A

scala vestibuli
scala media
scala tympani
reissner’s membrane

150
Q

what does the reissner’s membrane separate

A

scala media and scala vestibuli

151
Q

what does the basilar membrane separate

A

scala media and scala tympani

152
Q

what is the function of the organ of corti

A

generates nerve impulses in response to vibration of basilar membrane

153
Q

what do hair cells do

A

they stimulate nerve fibers that lead to the spiral ganglia of Corti

154
Q

where is endolymph found

A

the scala media

155
Q

where is perilymph found

A

the scala vestibuli and scala tympani

156
Q

endolymph contains…

A

high potassium and low sodium

157
Q

perilymph contains…

A

low potassium and high sodium

158
Q

define the place principle

A

nervous system detects sound frequencies by determining positions along the basilar membrane that are most stimulated

159
Q

what are the components of the nervous system pathway

A 
spiral organ of corti
dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei
superior olivary nucleus
lateral lemniscus nucleus 
medial geniculate nucleus 
auditory cortex

Physiology II (8 decks)

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