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CVP > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the major direct underlying cause of cardiovascular disease is due to what?

A

ischemia

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2
Q

what is released from the platelet that is a vasoconstrictor and potentiates the release of platelet granule contents?

A

thromboxane A2

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3
Q

a traumatized vessel will constrict; most of the constriction is due to what?

A

local myogenic spasm

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4
Q

what is effective at dissolving clots?

A

plasmin

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5
Q

when activated, what does a platelet do?

A

it swells, it releases granule, it secretes ADP and becomes spikey on the outside

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6
Q

what converts fibrinogen to fibrin

A

thrombin

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7
Q

heparin is what?

A

anti-coagulant

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8
Q

what is released from the endothelium that is a vasodilator and inhibits the release of platelet granule contents?

A

prostacyclin (PG12)

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9
Q

compared to a typical ventricular muscle cell, what are the characeristics of a SA node? (4)

A

1) only slow Ca++/Na+ channels are operational
2) no plateau
3) lacks a stable resting polarized state
4) has a less negative resting membrane potential

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10
Q

at a normal resting membrane potential of -85 mV, what ion is close to its Nernst equilibrium potential?

A

K+

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11
Q

at a normal resting membrane potential of +40 mV, what ion is close to its Nernst equilibrium potential?

A

Na+

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12
Q

a 2-3 elevation in extracellular potassium can cause flaccidity and weakness of cardiac muscle by decreasing the resting membrane potential. t/f

A

true

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13
Q

if end diastolic volume is 160 ml and end systolic volume is 120ml, what is the ejection fraction?

A

25%

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14
Q

if end diastolic volume is 200 ml and end systolic volume is 50 ml, what is the ejection fraction?

A

75%

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15
Q

what % of blood that moves from the atria to the ventricle is actively pumped?

A

25-30%

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16
Q

at rest if you block both divisions of the autonomic nervous system, what changes would occur?

A

H.R will increase and strength of contraction will decrease

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17
Q

at rest if you block only the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, what changes would occur?

A

the HR will increase and strength of contraction will remain unchanged

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18
Q

at rest if you block only the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, what changes would occur?

A

the HR will remain unchanged and the strength of contraction will decrease

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19
Q

during repolarization, what is the sequence of permeability changes in a typical ventricular cell?

A

Na+, Ca++ permeability decreasing,

K+ permeability increasing

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20
Q

during depolarization, what is the sequence of permeability changes in a typical ventricular cell?

A

Na+, Ca++ permeability increasing

, K+ permeability decreasing

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21
Q

what stenosis will create a diastolic murmur?

A

mitral and tricuspid open

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22
Q

what stenosis will create a systolic murmur?

A

aortic and pulmonary open

Stenosis; Open; Aortic, Pulmonary [SOAP] from there you can fill out all 4 brackets, its just opposits

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23
Q

what is an amino acid in the blood that may irritate blood vessels promoting atherosclerosis and ihgh levels in the blood can be reduced by increasing intake of folic acid, vitamin B6 and B12?

A

homosysteine

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24
Q

if the left atrial pressure is 7mm Hg, the left ventricle is 105, and the aortic blood pressure is 100mm, what is the status of the valves?

A

Mitral closed

aortic open

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25
Q

if the left atrial pressure is 70mm Hg, the left ventricle is 65, and the aortic blood pressure is 100mm, what is the status of the valves?

A

mitral open

aortic closed

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26
Q

ACH binds to what receptor?

A

muscarinic

27
Q

Norepinephrine binds to what receptor?

A

Beta

28
Q

increased stretch on the ventricular fibers during filling have what effect on calcium influx into the ventricular cells?

A

increase

29
Q

thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) have a positive inotorpic effect on the ventricle T/F?

inotropic = increased strength of contraction

A

true

30
Q

when does coronary blood flow peak in the left coronary arterry supplying the left ventricle?

A

at the onset of diastole

31
Q

when does coronary blood flow peak in the left coronary artery supplying the right ventricle?

A

mid systole

32
Q

if a wave of repolarization is moving toward a positive electrode of a lead, what type of deflection is observed?

A

negative

33
Q

if a wave of depolarization is moving toward a positive electrode of a lead, what type of deflection is observed?

A

positive

34
Q

if a wave of depolarization is moving toward a negative electrode of a lead, what type of deflection is observed?

A

negative

35
Q

if a wave of repolarization is moving toward a negative electrode of a lead, what type of deflection is observed?

A

positive

36
Q

a positive T wave inflection means that the wave of repolarization is moving toward or away from the negative electrode?

A

toward

37
Q

a negative T wave inflection means that the wave of repolarization is moving toward or away from the negative electrode?

A

away from the negative

going towards the positive

38
Q

at a given HR, who has a longer allowable QT interval before it is considered abnormal?

A

females

39
Q

if the sympathetic nerves to the heart are cut, and the SNS is stimulated, heart rate will still increase. da fuq? why?

A

duh dude, the norepinephrine/epinephrine is still circulating in the blood from the adrenal medula

40
Q

as HR increases, cycle length shortens. what happens to the systole and diastole lengths respectively?

A

they both shorten but diastole shortens more

41
Q

the preferred energy substrate of ventricular cardiac cells is what?

A

fatty acids

42
Q

an inverted T wave on an EKG is associated with what?

A

ischemia

43
Q

left bundle branch blocks constitutes what kind of deviation?

A

left atrial

44
Q

right bundle block is consistent with what type of deviation?

A

right atrial

45
Q

If lead 1 is positive and AVF is positive, what quadrant are you in?

A

bottom right

46
Q

If lead 1 is positive and AVF is negative, what quadrant are you in?

A

top right

47
Q

If lead 1 is negative and AVF is negative, what quadrant are you in?

A

top left

48
Q

If lead 1 is negative and AVF is positive, what quadrant are you in?

A

bottom left

49
Q

what quadrant +/- 15 degrees is normal?

A

bottom right

50
Q

45 degrees in the top right quadrant is what deviation?

A

LA deviation

51
Q

45 degrees in the bottom right quadrant is what deviation?

A

RA deviation

52
Q

having it in the top left quadrant means what?

A

EA deviation (both atrias are fucked = you’re fucked)

53
Q

most of the energy consumed by the heart for work is utilized for what?

A

pressurization of blood by the ventricles

54
Q

most of the energy consumed by the heart is utilized for what?

A

production of heat

55
Q

an elevated ST segment of 4 mm is associated with what?

A

infarction

56
Q

why doesn’t HR keep up with Cardiac output after a certain point?

A

stroke volume decreases because it can’t keep up

57
Q

at a constant operating pressure, what happens to the wall tension as the radius of that chamber increases?

A

increases

58
Q

an occasional isolated P wave with no QRS complex is characteristic of what?

A

2nd degree AV block

59
Q

a PR interval greater than .2 seconds is characteristic of what?

A

1st degree AV block

60
Q

when you have no relationship between P and QRS waves, what is that characteristic of?

A

3rd degree AV block

61
Q

AVR goes with which lead?

A

3

62
Q

AVL goes with which lead?

A

2

63
Q

AVF goes with which lead?

A

1

CVP (2 decks)

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