Exam 1

Question 1

the major direct underlying cause of cardiovascular disease is due to what?

Answer 1

ischemia

Question 2

what is released from the platelet that is a vasoconstrictor and potentiates the release of platelet granule contents?

Answer 2

thromboxane A2

Question 3

a traumatized vessel will constrict; most of the constriction is due to what?

Answer 3

local myogenic spasm

Question 4

what is effective at dissolving clots?

Answer 4

plasmin

Question 5

when activated, what does a platelet do?

Answer 5

it swells, it releases granule, it secretes ADP and becomes spikey on the outside

Question 6

what converts fibrinogen to fibrin

Answer 6

thrombin

Question 7

heparin is what?

Answer 7

anti-coagulant

Question 8

what is released from the endothelium that is a vasodilator and inhibits the release of platelet granule contents?

Answer 8

prostacyclin (PG12)

Question 9

compared to a typical ventricular muscle cell, what are the characeristics of a SA node? (4)

Answer 9

1) only slow Ca++/Na+ channels are operational
2) no plateau
3) lacks a stable resting polarized state
4) has a less negative resting membrane potential

Question 10

at a normal resting membrane potential of -85 mV, what ion is close to its Nernst equilibrium potential?

Answer 10

K+

Question 11

at a normal resting membrane potential of +40 mV, what ion is close to its Nernst equilibrium potential?

Answer 11

Na+

Question 12

a 2-3 elevation in extracellular potassium can cause flaccidity and weakness of cardiac muscle by decreasing the resting membrane potential. t/f

Answer 12

true

Question 13

if end diastolic volume is 160 ml and end systolic volume is 120ml, what is the ejection fraction?

Answer 13

25%

Question 14

if end diastolic volume is 200 ml and end systolic volume is 50 ml, what is the ejection fraction?

Answer 14

75%

Question 15

what % of blood that moves from the atria to the ventricle is actively pumped?

Answer 15

25-30%

Question 16

at rest if you block both divisions of the autonomic nervous system, what changes would occur?

Answer 16

H.R will increase and strength of contraction will decrease

Question 17

at rest if you block only the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, what changes would occur?

Answer 17

the HR will increase and strength of contraction will remain unchanged

Question 18

at rest if you block only the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, what changes would occur?

Answer 18

the HR will remain unchanged and the strength of contraction will decrease

Question 19

during repolarization, what is the sequence of permeability changes in a typical ventricular cell?

Answer 19

Na+, Ca++ permeability decreasing,

K+ permeability increasing

Question 20

during depolarization, what is the sequence of permeability changes in a typical ventricular cell?

Answer 20

Na+, Ca++ permeability increasing

, K+ permeability decreasing

Question 21

what stenosis will create a diastolic murmur?

Answer 21

mitral and tricuspid open

Question 22

what stenosis will create a systolic murmur?

Answer 22

aortic and pulmonary open

Stenosis; Open; Aortic, Pulmonary [SOAP] from there you can fill out all 4 brackets, its just opposits

Question 23

what is an amino acid in the blood that may irritate blood vessels promoting atherosclerosis and ihgh levels in the blood can be reduced by increasing intake of folic acid, vitamin B6 and B12?

Answer 23

homosysteine

Question 24

if the left atrial pressure is 7mm Hg, the left ventricle is 105, and the aortic blood pressure is 100mm, what is the status of the valves?

Answer 24

Mitral closed

aortic open

Question 25

if the left atrial pressure is 70mm Hg, the left ventricle is 65, and the aortic blood pressure is 100mm, what is the status of the valves?

Answer 25

mitral open | aortic closed

Question 26

ACH binds to what receptor?

Answer 26

muscarinic

Question 27

Norepinephrine binds to what receptor?

Answer 27

Beta

Question 28

increased stretch on the ventricular fibers during filling have what effect on calcium influx into the ventricular cells?

Answer 28

increase

Question 29

thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) have a positive inotorpic effect on the ventricle T/F? inotropic = increased strength of contraction

Answer 29

true

Question 30

when does coronary blood flow peak in the left coronary arterry supplying the left ventricle?

Answer 30

at the onset of diastole

Question 31

when does coronary blood flow peak in the left coronary artery supplying the right ventricle?

Answer 31

mid systole

Question 32

if a wave of repolarization is moving toward a positive electrode of a lead, what type of deflection is observed?

Answer 32

negative

Question 33

if a wave of depolarization is moving toward a positive electrode of a lead, what type of deflection is observed?

Answer 33

positive

Question 34

if a wave of depolarization is moving toward a negative electrode of a lead, what type of deflection is observed?

Answer 34

negative

Question 35

if a wave of repolarization is moving toward a negative electrode of a lead, what type of deflection is observed?

Answer 35

positive

Question 36

a positive T wave inflection means that the wave of repolarization is moving toward or away from the negative electrode?

Answer 36

toward

Question 37

a negative T wave inflection means that the wave of repolarization is moving toward or away from the negative electrode?

Answer 37

away from the negative | going towards the positive

Question 38

at a given HR, who has a longer allowable QT interval before it is considered abnormal?

Answer 38

females

Question 39

if the sympathetic nerves to the heart are cut, and the SNS is stimulated, heart rate will still increase. da fuq? why?

Answer 39

duh dude, the norepinephrine/epinephrine is still circulating in the blood from the adrenal medula

Question 40

as HR increases, cycle length shortens. what happens to the systole and diastole lengths respectively?

Answer 40

they both shorten but diastole shortens more

Question 41

the preferred energy substrate of ventricular cardiac cells is what?

Answer 41

fatty acids

Question 42

an inverted T wave on an EKG is associated with what?

Answer 42

ischemia

Question 43

left bundle branch blocks constitutes what kind of deviation?

Answer 43

left atrial

Question 44

right bundle block is consistent with what type of deviation?

Answer 44

right atrial

Question 45

If lead 1 is positive and AVF is positive, what quadrant are you in?

Answer 45

bottom right

Question 46

If lead 1 is positive and AVF is negative, what quadrant are you in?

Answer 46

top right

Question 47

If lead 1 is negative and AVF is negative, what quadrant are you in?

Answer 47

top left

Question 48

If lead 1 is negative and AVF is positive, what quadrant are you in?

Answer 48

bottom left

Question 49

what quadrant +/- 15 degrees is normal?

Answer 49

bottom right

Question 50

45 degrees in the top right quadrant is what deviation?

Answer 50

LA deviation

Question 51

45 degrees in the bottom right quadrant is what deviation?

Answer 51

RA deviation

Question 52

having it in the top left quadrant means what?

Answer 52

EA deviation (both atrias are fucked = you're fucked)

Question 53

most of the energy consumed by the heart for work is utilized for what?

Answer 53

pressurization of blood by the ventricles

Question 54

most of the energy consumed by the heart is utilized for what?

Answer 54

production of heat

Question 55

an elevated ST segment of 4 mm is associated with what?

Answer 55

infarction

Question 56

why doesn't HR keep up with Cardiac output after a certain point?

Answer 56

stroke volume decreases because it can't keep up

Question 57

at a constant operating pressure, what happens to the wall tension as the radius of that chamber increases?

Answer 57

increases

Question 58

an occasional isolated P wave with no QRS complex is characteristic of what?

Answer 58

2nd degree AV block

Question 59

a PR interval greater than .2 seconds is characteristic of what?

Answer 59

1st degree AV block

Question 60

when you have no relationship between P and QRS waves, what is that characteristic of?

Answer 60

3rd degree AV block

Question 61

AVR goes with which lead?

Answer 61

3

Question 62

AVL goes with which lead?

Answer 62

2

Question 63

AVF goes with which lead?

Answer 63

1