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Human Reproduction > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the mentrual cycle consists of..:

A 
The Ovarian Cycle
1. follicular phase 
2. ovulation
3. luteal phase
The Uterine Cycle
1. Menstrual Phase 
2. Proliferative Phase
3. Secretory Phase
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2
Q

Follicular Phase

A
  • (after menstruation) development of follicles within the ovary
  • secretion of estradiol
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3
Q

ovulation

A

release of mature oocyte from the ovary

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4
Q

Luteal Phase

A
  • formation of the corpus luteum

- secretion of estradiol & progesterone

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5
Q

Menstrual Phase

A

1-7 days, shedding of the uterine lining (endometrium)

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6
Q

Proliferative Phase

A

growth of new endometrium

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7
Q

secretory phase

A

thickening of endometrium and increased blood flow & uterine secretions

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8
Q

what causes perfectly timed regulation of menstrual cycle

A

positive feedback: more estrogen–more FSH & LH

negative feedback: more estrogen–less FSH & LH

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9
Q

hormone signaling of mental cycle

A

pituitary gland<===> ovaries

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10
Q

pituitary gland hormones

A 
gonadotrophins (FSH &amp; LH) 
steroid hormones (estrogen &amp; progesterone)
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11
Q

hormone signaling during the follicular phase/proliferative phase

A

rising (low level) estrogen secreted from follicles leads to accumulation of LH & FSH (not released

during follicular phase/ proliferative phase

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12
Q

hormone signaling during ovulation

A

high estrogen—> GnRH—>FSH/LH Surge

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13
Q

hormone signaling if fertilization occurs

A

hCG from fetus/placenta prevents shedding of uterine lining/no disintegration of the corpus luteum

NO MORE period

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14
Q

hormone signaling if fertilization does not occur

A

progesterone inhibits FSH & LH—> corpus luteum disintegrates—> uterine lining is shed

PERIOD

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15
Q

How does birth control work?

A

most forms contain: estrogen & progesterone)

progesterone negative feedback

  • -decreases GnRH
  • -inhibits release of FSH & LH
  • -(lack of LH) prevents ovulation
  • -increased viscosity of cervical mucus–> reduces sperm motility

low estrogen levels

  • -stabilizes endometrium
  • -inhibits follicular development via decreased FSH release
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16
Q

how many eggs is a human female born with—>puberty?

A

1 million or so oocytes–>200,000 oocytes

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17
Q

how many oocytes develop during each month?

A

12 oocytes

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18
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG)

A

hormone made by the fetus and subsequently the placenta throughout the pregnancy

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19
Q

the vagina serves 3 purposes

A
  1. to transport sperm to the uterus & fallopian tubes
  2. to function as a birth canal through which a baby is delivered
  3. to allow menstrual secretions to be excreted from the body
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20
Q

ovaries

A

produce, store, and release eggs into the fallopian tubes

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21
Q

fibriae

A

when egg/ova is released from the ovary, the fibriaie sweep the ovum into the fallopian tube

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22
Q

oogenesis

A

process by which a primary egg cell becomes a mature ovum occurring in the outermost layers of the ovaries

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23
Q

before birth and at the time of birth, what phase are all eggs in

A

all future eggs are in t

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24
Q

oogenesis

A

process by which a primary egg cell becomes a mature ovum occurring in the outermost layers of the ovaries

diploid primary oocyte in primordial follicle–> diploid primary oocyte in secondary follicle–>in early tertiary follicle–> 1st meiotic division–> haploid secondary oocyte in mature tertiary follicle/1st polar body–> ovulation of haploid secondary oocyte–> mature haploid oocyte (ootid)

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25
Q

before birth and at the time of birth, what phase are all eggs in

A

primary oocyte begins 1st meiotic division but will be arrested/stopped in prophase where they will remain arrested until puberty/sexual adulthood

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26
Q

polar body

A

provides a means of reducing the genomic content of the oocyte during meiosis to the appropriate chromatid number

does not have the ability to be fertilized and eventually disintegrates and dies

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27
Q

corpus luteum

A

secretes estrogen and progesterone which thickens the endometrium in preparation for implantation

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28
Q

testes

A

male gonads

  1. produce male gametes (sperm)
  2. release testosterone

composed of numerous seminiferous tubules

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29
Q

duct system of male reproductive organs consists of

A
  1. epididymis

2. vas deferens

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30
Q

vas deferens

A

transports and stores mature sperm

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31
Q

epididymis

A

a set of coiled tubes (one of each testicle) that connects to the vas deferens

secretes important substances that help the sperm survive and store mature sperm

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32
Q

scrotum

A

hold the epididymis and the testes hang in pouch-like structure outside the pelvis

helps to regulate the temperature for hormones, sperm production/maintenance

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33
Q

accessory glands

A

seminal vesicles
prostate gland

provide fluids that lubricate the duct systems and nourish the sperm

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34
Q

spermatogenesis

A

process of a diploid spermatogonium transforming into 4 haploid spermatids

development of sperm cells within the testes

starts at puberty and is triggered by LH–>promotes production of testosterone in testes

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35
Q

Peptide/protein hormones

A

bind to extracellular receptors to regulate intracellular signals

FSH/LH

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36
Q

Steroid hormones

A

can pass through cell membranes and act on receptors inside cells

estrogen androgen
progesterone

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37
Q

hypothalamus

A

GnRH

–> Posterior/Anterior Pituitaries

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38
Q

anterior pituitary

A

LH/FSH

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39
Q

posterior pituitary

A

vasopressin

oxytocin

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40
Q

theca cells

A

produce androgens

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41
Q

granulosa cells

A

converts androgens into estrogen

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42
Q

luteal cells in corpus luteum

A

produce progesterone & estrogen

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43
Q

graafian follicle (tertiary follicle)

A

theca cell–androgen–granulosa cell–estrogen

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44
Q

luteal cell

A

progesterone & estrogen

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45
Q

sertoli cells

A

act as nurse cells providing the structural support for the sperm development

produces aromatase–>
testosterone can be converted to estradiol

FSH binds to Sertoli cells, functioning together with testosterone to maintain germ cells
also induces Scells to produces inhibin, ABP, aromatase

46
Q

aromatase

A

converts adrogen —> estrogen

47
Q

spermiogenesis

A

process of spermatids transformed into spermatozoa (sperm cells)

48
Q

leydig cells

A

secrete testosterone in response to LH

49
Q

spermatagonia

A

stem cells within the seminiferous tubules that are constantly producing immature sperm cells (spermatocytes)

50
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

testes composed of seminiferous tubules where sperm cells are produced

51
Q

one immature germ cell takes

A

74 days to reach final maturation

52
Q

spern

A

usually consists of 2 morphologically and functionally distinct regions: head/tail

53
Q

head region

A

comprised of nucleus/acrosome

54
Q

acrosomal vesicle

A

anterior end of the nucleus is a specialized cap-like secretory vesicle
contains enzymes that help the sperm to penetrate the egg’s outer coat

55
Q

neck

A

located at the junction of the sperm head and midpiece containing centriole housed in centrosome

56
Q

centriole

A

provide the power for movement

57
Q

basal bodies

A

specialized centrioles which work as tiny motors to create the bending motion of the flagellum

58
Q

tail (sperm)

A

long flagellum whihc propels the sperm to the egg and helps it to burrow through the egg coat

59
Q

mitochondria

A

placed in midpiece which provides energy reqyired for movement

60
Q

mitosis

A

when a somatic (body) cell divides producing

2 identical copies of itself with 46 chromosomes

61
Q

meiosis

A

begins in the primordial germ cells
when a sex cell divides producing 4 daugter cells: 4 sperm/1 oocyte (gametes)(diploid)

not identical, 23 chromosomes (haploid)

62
Q

interphase

A

most of the life of a cell is spent in this phase–normal state until mitosis

63
Q

3 stages of interphase

A

G1: first growth stage; cells grow to nearly its full size and forms many of its biochemical functions to keep the cell alive/active
S: synthesis; DNA in nucleus replicates–> 2 copies of DNA strand
G2: gap 2; more growth occurs

64
Q

centrosomes

A

set of protein cylinders next to the nucleus

control the movement of the chromosomes during mitosis

65
Q

4 distinct phases of Mitosis

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
66
Q

metaphase

A

longest phase of mitosis–20 min

chromosomes attach to the microtubules at their centromeres =, line up along center of the cell

67
Q

anaphase

A

chromosomes start to separate from their sister chromatids and dragged towards either side of cell

68
Q

telophase

A

nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes, relax back into chromatin

crease forms at center
cytokinesis

as 2 nuclei move apart, the result is 2 genetically identical cells each with a full set of 46 chromosomes (daughter cells)

69
Q

sister chromatid

A

duplicates of chromosomes attached at the centromere

70
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

corresponding chromosomes with sister chromatids from the other parent

one from mom; one from dad

71
Q

primordial germ cells

A

diploid stem cell population that specifically make germ cells

72
Q

placenta

A

nutrient, respiratory, and excretory organ for the fetus

fetal in origin

73
Q

what day does implantation occur?

A

day 7 after fertilization

74
Q

hemochorial

A

maternal blood circulation is next to the fetal portion of the placenta but the blood circulations do not mix

75
Q

trophoblasts

A

cells that form the

76
Q

trophoblasts

A

cells that form the placenta
they invade the uterine
endometrium to form the nutrients/oxygen during implantation
differentiate and keep the fetal/maternal blood circulations separate in the placenta

also make hormones (hcg, progesterone, estrogen)

77
Q

Shallow invasion

A

when trophoblasts cells do not penetrate deep into the mother’s uterus can lead to severe pregnancy complications

78
Q

tissue layers/sections of placenta:

A

fetal: chorionic plate
- -fetus is connected via the umbilical cord to the chorionic plate
maternal: decidua basalis
- -anchored in the uterus and blood is supplied by the endometrial arteries/veins

79
Q

spiral arteriole

A

primary blood vessel carrying maternal blood supply from the uterus into placenta and to fetal villous projections

maternal blood enters placenta through spiral arterioles which flows through the villous projections where oxygen/nutrients from mother are exchanged (via diffusion) for fetal waste

80
Q

oxygen rich blood is

A

carried to the fetus through the umbilical cord vein

81
Q

deoxygenated blood is

A

carried to the placenta and out through the uterus

82
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

spectrum disorder: depends on the dose of alcohol the mother ingests during pregnancy
alcohol passes the placenta, which the fetus cannot metabolize
affects the baby’s spinal cord and brain
symptoms: abnormal facial features, lower behavioral/cognitive difficulties, stunted growth

83
Q

CRS

A
  • rubella virus crosses the placenta from infected mother to fetus
  • virus crosses placenta and fetus lack immunity to fight it
  • causes severe birth defects that cannot be cured
  • symptoms: eye anomolies, microcephaly, heart disease, mental retardation, deafness, delayed development
84
Q

what are the 4 regulatory hormones?

A
  • Estrogen
  • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone - (FSH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Progesterone
85
Q

oocyte

A

specialized haploid sex cell(gamete) which contains abundant nutrients, proteins, and will house half of the

86
Q

Which chromosome is the SRY gene on?

A

Y

87
Q

A tertiary/Graffian follicle has…?

A

theca cells, granulosa cells, sertoli cells

88
Q

If the SRY gene is present, the _____ ducts will prevail and form the _____ gonads

A

wolffian; male (testis)

89
Q

Sertoli cells convert ______ hormone to make _____ hormone?

A

Testosterone –>Estrogen

90
Q

T/F? : Leydig cells located inside the seminiferous tubule?

A

False

91
Q

The male reproductive system and sperm production are governed by ______ feedback?

A

negative feedback

92
Q

Which of the following hormones are released from the brain and govern reproductive systems in males and females:

A

FSH
LH
GnRH

93
Q

Protein hormones require a ______ to bind at the cell membrane in order to have an effect in the cell:

A

extracellular receptor

94
Q

All sex steroid hormones can be made via degradative metabolism of which precursor:

A

cholesterol

95
Q

In the female menstrual cycle, rising levels of estrogen induce an LH surge, causing ovulation. This is an example of ______ feedback

A

positive

96
Q

Which part of the female reproductive system is responsible for “catching” the egg after it is ovulated from the ovary?

A

fimbriae

97
Q

The secretory phase of the uterine cycle is predominantly governed by _____ hormone released by _____ structure?

A

progesterone; corpus luteum

98
Q

Estrogen levels rise steadily prior to ovulation, they mature the oocyte and prepare the uterine endometrium. This estrogen is primarily secreted by the ______ cells of the ovarian follicle?

A

granulosa cells

99
Q

The ovulated egg is a _______ oocyte that is arrested in meiosis II:

A

secondary oocyte

100
Q

endometrium

A

mucosal lining; where implantation occurs

101
Q

myometrium

A

muscle layer; accommodates the fetus during the pregnancy, then contacts to expel the fetus

102
Q

what starts the growth of areolae and ducts outside of the gonads

A

estrogen

103
Q

during embryo development the default reproductive system

A

female

104
Q

testis makes which hormone

A

anti-mullerian hormone, testosteron adn dihydro-tesosterone

105
Q

protein/peptide hormones

A

generally bind to extracellular portions of cell membrane receptor molecules and perturb the configuration of the molecule–> intracellular changes in the intracellular signaling

106
Q

steroid hormones

A

generally pass thru the cell membrane and bind to receptors then move into the nucleus and regulate DNA transcription

107
Q

central axis

A

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland is the sensor of gonadal activity and sends signals to regulate the level of gonadal function

108
Q

GnRH

A

a peptide that triggers receptors on pituitary gonadotrophs to release the gonadotrophins

originate in the nasal epithelium

109
Q

estradiol

A

from the gonads inhibits GnRH secretion by the adnohypophysis while inducing the expression of GnRh receptors by LH/FSH-secreting cells of the adenohypophysis

110
Q

Negative Feedback and Positive Feedback ovarian/endometrial cycles

A

Some estrogen blocks the LH surge
More estrogen blocks the LH surge

More and more estrogen causes the LH surge

111
Q

what hormones affect the breast during sexual response?

A

oxytocin/vasopressin

Human Reproduction (3 decks)

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