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PPA 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cells that contain peptidoglycan

A

Prokaryotes

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2
Q

“Living things are cellular organizations that are capable of reproducing themselves” is outlined in the…..

A

Overall cell theory (of what it means to be alive)

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3
Q

Contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

A

Ampipathic

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4
Q

3 components that make up the polar head of phospholipids

A
  1. ) choline
  2. ) phosphate
  3. ) glycerol
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5
Q

Lipids that contain only one double bonded carbon in their tails

A

MonoUNsaturated

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6
Q

Bilayers in aqueous solution form spheres called…..

A

Liposomes

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7
Q

A spherical monolayer of phospholipids

A

Micelle

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8
Q

Aspect that makes ions impermeable to membranes

A

Waters of hydration

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9
Q

Allows separation of charge along membrane

A

Impermeability to ions

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10
Q

Name for voltage across membrane

A

Membrane potential

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11
Q

Describes viscosity of pure phospholipid bilayer

A

Olive oil

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12
Q

Stiffens cell membranes

A

Cholesterol

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13
Q

Function in cell recognition processes, regulate concentrations of specific ions on membranes

A

Glycolipids

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14
Q

Proteins that extend across both sides of the membrane

A

Transmembrane proteins

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15
Q

Transmembrane proteins that are chemically bound and fixed into place

A

Integral

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16
Q

Proteins that exist on one side of the bilayer and can move from one side to the other

A

Peripheral proteins

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17
Q

Does not require proteins, driven by concentration gradient

A

Passive diffusion

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18
Q

Involves transport proteins, driven by concentration gradient

A

Facilitated diffusion

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19
Q

Involves membrane proteins, moves against concentration gradient

A

Active transport

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20
Q

Active transport that uses ATP

A

Primary active transport

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21
Q

Active transport that doesn’t use ATP

A

Secondary active transport

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22
Q

Saturable at Vmax

A

Carrier-mediated diffusion

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23
Q

Unsaturable because it doesn’t require a transport protein

A

Passive diffusion

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24
Q

Carrier that only transports one solute

A

Uniport

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25
Q

Carrier that transports two solutes in the same direction

A

Symport

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26
Q

Carrier that transports two solutes in the opposite direction

A

Antiport

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27
Q

The glucose carrier is a ___ ____ transport mechanism

A

Secondary active transport

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28
Q

Binding of one solute affects affinity of binding of different solute in same protein

A

Cooperative binding

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29
Q

The Na+/K+ pump is a ____ _____ transport mechanism

A

Primary active transport (uses ATP)

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30
Q

The Na+/K+ pump is a _____ (symport/antiport) that transports ___ Na+ (in/out) and transports ___ K+ (in/out)

A

Antiport mechanism-3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in

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31
Q

Solution that has high solute, low water (shrivels cells)

A

Hypertonic

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32
Q

Solute with high water, low solute concentration (lyses cells)

A

Hypotonic

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33
Q

Normal osmolarity for blood

A

280 mOsm

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34
Q

Cells engulfing material from their surroundings

A

Endocytosis

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35
Q

Cell secretion

A

Exocytosis

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36
Q

Engulfing large particles (cell eating)

A

Phagocytosis

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37
Q

Engulfing small particles (cell drinking)

A

Pinocytosis

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38
Q

Exocytosis that involves vesicles

A

Constitutive secretory pathway

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39
Q

Exocytosis that requires extra cellular signal

A

Regulated secretory pathway

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40
Q

Protein that is activated by receptor

A

Effector

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41
Q

Type of signaling that is important for types of immune function and development

A

Contact dependent

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42
Q

Signaling released into extracellular space

A

Paracrine

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43
Q

Signaling that allows specific and rapid delivery across large distances

A

Synaptic

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44
Q

Slow nonspecific signaling in low concentrations across bloodstream

A

Endocrine

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45
Q

Ion linked, G-protein linked, and enzyme linked are all ____ _____ receptors

A

Cell surface receptors

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46
Q

Receptors gated by neurotransmitters

A

Ion linked

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47
Q

When these receptors open, they create a pore in the membrane

A

Ion linked

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48
Q

Ion channels that have 5 distinct subunits

A

Pentamers

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49
Q

Single long polypeptide with 7 transmembrane spanning regions

A

G-protein linked

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50
Q

affected by Gs and Gi activity

A

Adenylyl cyclase

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51
Q

Adenylyl cyclase regulates activity of….

A

cAMP

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52
Q

Activated by Gq

A

Phospholipase C

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53
Q

Phosphatidylinositol 4-5 biphosphate breaks into which 2 molecules

A
  1. ) IP3

2. ) DAG

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54
Q

Enzyme linked receptors have ___ transmembrane domain(s)

A

1

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55
Q

When cytosolic and nuclear receptors are active, they bind to ___ and regulate ____

A

Bind to DNA and regulate transcription

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56
Q

Separation of charges creates ____

A

Voltage

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57
Q

Net flow of a charge is known as a

A

Current

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58
Q

Measure of the ease of current flow between two points

A

Conductance

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59
Q

Current = voltage x conductance

Voltage = current x resistance

A

Ohm’s law

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60
Q

Measure of the ability to separate charge

A

Capacitance

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61
Q

Weighted average of equilibrium potentials for all permeable ions

A

Resting equilibrium

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62
Q

Equilibrium potential for K+

A

-87 mV

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63
Q

Equilibrium potential for Na+

A

59 mV

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64
Q

Resting membrane potential for a neuron

A

-59 mV

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65
Q

2 main variables that affect speed of propagation

A
  1. ) resistance of axon

2. ) capacitance of membrane

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66
Q

Speed ____ as Ra x Cm ______

A

Speed increases as Ra x Cm decreases

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67
Q

As the diameter of an axon increases, the Ra ____ and the Cm _____

A

Decreases, increases

68
Q

_____ decreases Cm without changing the resistance

A

Myelination

69
Q

Glial cells (oligodendrytes) produce _____

A

Myelin

70
Q

Utilizing nodes of ranvier causes _____ conduction

A

Saltatory

71
Q

Disease caused by demyelination

A

Multiple sclerosis

72
Q

Nerves that facilitate communication between CNS and body

A

Peripheral nerves

73
Q

Sensory neurons that carry info from body to CNS

A

Afferent

74
Q

Motor neurons that carry info from CNS to body

A

Efferent

75
Q

Innervates skeletal muscle

A

Somatic

76
Q

Have a soma located in ventral horn

A

Somatic neurons

77
Q

Postsynaptic receptors of somatic nervous system

A

nAchRs

78
Q

All autonomic efferent outputs are

A

Disynaptic

79
Q

Another name for SNS

A

Thoracolumbar

80
Q

Another name for PSNS

A

Craniosacral

81
Q

Balance between SNS and PSNS

A

Autonomic tone

82
Q

Group of nerve cell bodies located outside CNS

A

Ganglia

83
Q

Postganglionic receptors of SNS release

A

Norepinephrine

84
Q

Types of receptors on postganglionic neurons of SNS

A

Adrenergic

85
Q

Postganglionic neurons of PSNS release

A

ACh

86
Q

Types of receptors on postganglionic neurons of PSNS

A

mAchRs (muscarinic, G-protein linked instead of ion linked)

87
Q

Ganglion outside of SNS chain, part of enteric NS, innervates digestive system

A

Prevertebral ganglion

88
Q

Cardiovascular reflexes are regulated in the

A

Brainstem

89
Q

2 components that make up acetylcholine

A
  1. ) choline

2. ) acetyl CoA

90
Q

Enzyme that breaks down ACh

A

ACh-esterase

91
Q

Types of postganglionic receptors in SNS for sweat glands

A

mAchRs (exception to normal)

92
Q

Blocks exocytosis of ACh

A

Botulinum toxin

93
Q

Example of catecholamine (tyrosine-derived transmitter)

A

Norepinephrine

94
Q

Tyrosine + hydroxyl =

A

DOPA

95
Q

DOPA - carboxyl = ?

A

Dopamine

96
Q

Dopamine + hydroxyl = ?

A

Norepinephrine

97
Q

A1 and A2 receptors: high affinity for ______, low affinity for _____

A

A1 and A2: high affinity for NE, low affinity for isoprenaline

98
Q

B1 receptors: high affinity for ____, low affinity for _____

A

B1: high affinity for isoprenaline, low affinity for NE and epi (equally low)

99
Q

B2 receptors: high affinity for ____, low affinity for _____

A

B2: high affinity for isoprenaline, low affinity for NE (epi in middle)

100
Q

Released w/ transmitters on pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic fibers

A

Neuropeptides

101
Q

Connects muscle to bone

A

Tendon

102
Q

Connective tissue that surrounds entire muscle

A

Epimysium

103
Q

Contains individual muscle cells

A

Fascicle

104
Q

Connective tissue that surrounds fascicles

A

Perimysium

105
Q

Smallest contractile unit

A

Myofibril

106
Q

Connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers

A

Endomysium

107
Q

Mono-nucleated, undifferentiated cells

A

Myoblasts

108
Q

Site where some new muscle cells can be formed

A

Satellite cells

109
Q

Muscle fiber differentiation is set/completed at….

A

Birth

110
Q

Membrane of muscle cell

A

Sarcolemma

111
Q

Cytoplasm of muscle cell

A

Sarcoplasm

112
Q

Smooth ER in muscle cell

A

SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum)

113
Q

Lines edges of sarcomere, contains thick filaments

A

Z-discs

114
Q

Portion of sarcomere that contains ONLY thick filaments

A

A-band

115
Q

Between A-bands, contains ONLY thin filaments

A

I-band

116
Q

Center of the H band that links thick filaments

A

M-line (marries thick filaments)

117
Q

Individual globular units of actin

A

G-actin

118
Q

Chain of G-actin

A

F-actin

119
Q

Protein that binds cap-Z to Z disc

A

Actinin

120
Q

Covers myosin binding sites on actin molecules

A

Tropomyosin

121
Q

3 protein complex on myosin binding site that acts as Ca2+ sensor

A

Troponin

122
Q

Caps thin filament at end of H-zone

A

Tropomodulin

123
Q

Found on M-line of sarcomere

A

Myomesin

124
Q

Connects thick filaments to Z-disc

A

Titan protein

125
Q

Lack of ATP over extended period of time

A

Rigor mortis

126
Q

Calcium-induced calcium release is caused by Ca2+ binding to _____receptors, which allow Ca2+ to get from the ______ to the _______

A

Ryanodine receptors, cause Ca2+ to get from the SR to the sarcoplasm

127
Q

Single alpha motor neuron and all muscles it innervates

A

Motor unit

128
Q

Site where NS meets muscle

A

NMJ (neuromuscular junction)

129
Q

Portion of NMJ that contains ACh-esterase

A

Basal lamina

130
Q

Not striated

Mono-nucleated

A

Smooth muscle

131
Q

Modulated by endocrine signaling

A

Smooth muscle

132
Q

Releases NE and Epi (more Epi)

A

Adrenal medulla

133
Q

Muscle disease caused by defects in costameres

A

Muscular dystrophy

134
Q

Autoimmune disease that causes demyelination

A

MS (multiple sclerosis)

135
Q

MS mainly effects

A

Women

136
Q

MD mainly effects

A

Men (only disease that effects more men that women!!!!!)

137
Q

Muscle disease caused by reduced function of nAchRs at NMJ

A

Myasthenia gravis (grave danger)

138
Q

Genetic disorder that causes rapid contractions, which causes a sudden increase in overall body temp (caused by volatile anesthetic agents and/or depolarizing muscle relaxants)

A

Malignant hyperthermia

139
Q

Types of neurons in enteric plexus

A

Postganglionic PSNS neurons

140
Q

Prevertebral SNS ganglion

A

Adrenal medulla

141
Q

Cells in adrenal medulla that respond to ACh from SNS chain

A

Chromaffin cells

142
Q

Produced in adrenal medulla via methylation of NE

A

Epi

143
Q

Bind to GABA receptors and intensify/prolong function (make receptors more sensitive to GABA)

A

Barbiturates/tranquilizers

144
Q

Poison that binds to nAchRs at NMJ, causes paralysis

A

Curare

145
Q

Types of compounds that lower BP, relieve chest pain, correct irregular heart beats, prevent migraines

A

Beta-adrenergic (beta blockers)

146
Q

Drugs used for insomnia, depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia all bind to _____ receptors

A

Ion-linked

147
Q

Small water soluble molecule that binds to receptors on smooth ER, causes a release of Ca2+

A

IP3

148
Q

Activates Ca2+ dependent kinase C

A

DAG

149
Q

Activated by Gq protein

A

Phospholipase C

150
Q

Active subunit of Gi that can modulate function of ion channels

A

Beta-gamma

151
Q

Secondary messenger of adenylyl cyclase

A

cAMP

152
Q

Binds to genes and allows for transcription

A

CREB

153
Q

Phosphorylates CREB

A

Protein Kinase A (PKA)

154
Q

Bulk solutions have a ____ net charge

A

Neutral

155
Q

Size of ionic flux needed to produce voltage change is dependent on

A

Surface area

156
Q

Effect of flux on ionic gradients is dependent on

A

Volume

157
Q

The low protein to lipid ratio in myelin increases….

A

Resistance

158
Q

Mitochondria have a ____ protein to lipid ratio

A

High (3.2)

159
Q

Presynaptic to postsynaptic direction

A

Orthodromic

160
Q

Amino acid residues lining transmembrane regions of subunits determines the ____ ____ of a channel

A

Ionic selectivity

161
Q

GABA receptors are selective to

A

Cl-

162
Q

Secondary messenger to Gq

A

IP3

163
Q

Amount of cAMP found normally in body

A

10^-7

164
Q

Reflex arcs for the ANS go through which part of the brain?

A

Medulla and pons

165
Q

Stimulates hormone secretion

A

Hypothalamus

166
Q

Blocks muscarinic receptors, used to dilate eyes

A

Atropine

PPA 1 (1 decks)

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