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Psych 1000 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does facilitated communication do?

A

Hold their arm to initiate the movement and provide physical and emotional support for kids with poor hand eye and muscle tone and speech problems and kids with autism - try and progress them to ind typing

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2
Q

First hand or third hand info?

A

We don’t know because we can’t distinguish between people

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3
Q

Studies we can conduct to test FC and limits?

A

Double blind study to control the situation to answer your fundamental question but we can’t do a properly control trial and they claiming that failure come from patients being antagonized and stressed out

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4
Q

What do research studies show about FC?

A

All facilitator control and no real communication from the person

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5
Q

Experimenter expectancy effect

A

They have different knowledge so participants act based on experimenter

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6
Q

Pymalion in classroom

A

Higher expectancy yields greater outcomes because they’re treated differently

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7
Q

Unintentional signaling

A

Clever hans and dogs - not intentional signals but microexpressions - ppl leaning forward

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8
Q

naive realism

A

see something - specific belief without attempt to see if its causal

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9
Q

Facilitators design test?

A

nope - they think its telepathic, locus of attention - best intentions that dont work

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10
Q

Changing the name of FC

A

rapid prompting to have keyboard in the air fly under the radar but remain credibility

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11
Q

how if FC a belief?

A

convinced and unwilling to look at something else - reciprocal trust

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12
Q

fundamentally why wouldnt FC work?

A

written language is a lot more complicated than spoken

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13
Q

how do facilitators produce msgs? `

A

without awareness - automatic writing which has less censors - moments of distraction and inattention caused by experimental bias, mental telepath, unconscious influence, subjective validation, stimulation leakage, expectancy effect, deception, self delusion

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14
Q

FC and american hearing and speech

A

not to be used

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15
Q

what are the two things that FC lacks?

A

Self determination and self report

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16
Q

comparative psychologist with evolution would explain behaviour as

A

primates - survival based reaction of monkeys

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17
Q

neuropsychologist would explain behaviour as

A

brain programs behaviour - frontal cortex/ dopamine neurotransmitter system

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18
Q

developmental psychologist explain behaviour as

A

lifespan and experience through

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19
Q

evolution

A

biology -

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20
Q

behaviour comes from

A

gene and environment starting at conception

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21
Q

importance of childhood

A

foundation (mental, thought, feelings and behaviours) of adult abnormal behaviour

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22
Q

passive interactions

A

family raising kids as they would like to be

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23
Q

evocative interactions

A

get encouraged if you’re good

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24
Q

active interactions

A

“do i want to do it?”

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25
Q

developmental disorders are

A

time bombs because they have a genetic/early environmental cause
schiz - 30 yr
huntingtons - 50 - dominant gene
alzeimers - 70

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26
Q

causes of developmental disorders - 4

A

genes, poor prenatal environment, stressful birth, miserable childhood (bully and divorce)

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27
Q

why not test for developmental disorders

A

insurance

no cure

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28
Q

do schiz become violent during an episode

A

no

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29
Q

schiz are often prone to

A

substance abuse - 1/4 is an addict but not smoking because nicotine receptors fixed these neurons

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30
Q

schiz population cure rates

A

1/4 recover with few problems
1/3 okay but issues/ relapse with limited abilities
1/3 in and out of hospitals

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31
Q

schiz lifestyles

A 
20% cured 
20% paid workers 
13% home makers 
10% rooming house 
10% suicide 
5% shelter 
2% hospital 
1% homeless
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32
Q

are schiz episodes predictable?

A

yes after the first one

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33
Q

Where did schiz come from

A

europe - causal dopamine overactivity - protein with other proteins - cytokenes (early) scaffold for migration of nerve cells

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34
Q

men vs women

A

men have it worse and women get it later and less because they have more friendship, support and cooperation

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35
Q

what is schiz - 4

A

split from reality - mental illness
young adult onset (sometimes sudden)
1% - life time vulnerability
cant use tough love

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36
Q

to test frontal and temporal cortex

A

eye movement

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37
Q

3 key elements to not having schiz

A

outgoing, happy childhood, intact fam

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38
Q

schiz illness path

A

diff for ppl - drugs that work can limit to 1-2 outbreaks per life time - the sooner the better

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39
Q

genetic influence

A

first/second relatives, genes and environment (adoption)
twins - 50%
parent - 10%

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40
Q

schiz and genes

A

multiple - not single recessive - 6p, 8p, 9, 20, 22- many common alleles with small effects
family of diseases

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41
Q

genotype enviornment correlation

A

musical parents put you in music classes

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42
Q

combo model of causes

  • prenatal - 4
  • lifespan - 9
  • onset - 2
A

environmental - 18yrs and 9m
prenatal - infection in the winter after first trimester because the virus gets through the placenta
- malnutrition going into 3rd trimester (dutch hunger winter)
- toxins (lead)
- drinking, stress, disease

  • urban
  • minority immigrant in UK
  • migrant - culture shock
  • born in winter/early spring - inside lots
  • prolonged/stressful birth
  • seperation of placenta before born
  • sexual abuse/poverty
  • bullying
  • shyness
  • major psychosocial stress - late adoles - finish maturing to get jobs and leave homes
  • substance abuse
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43
Q

schiz and teens

A

give them to teens if they are risky?

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44
Q

early views of family dynamics?

A

overprotective but cold parents in a double blind situation could help the schiz kid but not cause it

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45
Q

expressed emotions and schiz

A

overinvolved and critical might help onset and relapse, they recover better in developing countries

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46
Q

4 things that will get rid of schiz

A

universal excellent prenatal care
safe, stressfree delivery
stress management for YA
cooperative and supportive society

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47
Q

2 things that will not get rid of schiz

A

gene manipulation

support for fam/parenting - can make it milder

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48
Q

what happens if you develop schiz

A

quit work, leave school, hospitalized
antipsychotic to dampen
psychotherapy doesnt work - not environmental
if stressed induced - learn to deal with stress - behaviour management and socialization therapy

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49
Q

ontology

A

knowing something for certain - but we cant deduce with certainty

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50
Q

cogito ergo sum

A

i think, therefore i am - decartes

- logical deduction - quality of assumption

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51
Q

epistemology

A

how do we know what we know - central and oldest in psych

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52
Q

priori knowledge

A

thoughts preexist - minds are there at the beginning and contain the beginning of thought

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53
Q

innate ideas

A

born with it - deductive rationalism - the wall and I are both solid so we cant both be there at the same time
basic understanding then reason for new understanding

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54
Q

why not innate ideas

A

children and idiots would be aware but they are not

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55
Q

locke and hume

A

tabula rasa - developmental, includes senses - basis of thought
empiricism - needs experience - INDUCTIVE that is specific to understanding and limited to your knowledge

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56
Q

william james

A

infant needs to sort through all that input- optimize dealings with the world - natural selection and blank slate

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57
Q

darwin - 5

A

descent with modification - survival of the fittest
- relatives for relevant genes - evolutionary
increase efficiency in transorming sensation into understanding
learn through experience - classical/operant conditioning
context specific understanding and track current state of environment

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58
Q

instincts

A

darwin - hard wired innate feelings for things important to you - survival behaviour

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59
Q

imprinting - darwin

A

phase sensitive learning

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60
Q

fixed action pattern - darwin

A

only fix the problem if they go back to the beginning of the sequence because they have limited abilities

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61
Q

long vs short lived - darwin

A

short have a tightly programmed behaviour repertoire

long have a uncertain life so increase your ability to change and anticipate

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62
Q

Jean piaget

A

biological adaptation and analysis and epistemological interpretation of higher form of adaptation

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63
Q

Jean piaget kids vs adults

A

dumb little ones with little understanding - develop adult capabilities by actively engaging to acquire conceptual understanding

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64
Q

piaget deductive

A

conclusion based on known facts - premise leads to conclusion - understand and manipulate objects

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65
Q

stages of development

A

genetic epistemology (developmental/constructionism how we come to understand) intelligence allows us to respond flexibly and adapt according to our biological maturity - appropriate standards

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66
Q

thought - piaget

A

biological adaptation and capacity of thought through adapting

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67
Q

knowledge piaget

A

constructed by action and builds on itself

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68
Q

adaptation piaget

A

assimilation and accomodation - take in and change it

disequalibrium and equalibrium

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69
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

birth - 2, learn by do, knowledge through action - object permanence

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70
Q

concrete operations stage

A

7-8

compensation reversibility - same size of glass dispite shape - inductive logic

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71
Q

identity piaget

A

stays the same if nothings added/subtracted

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72
Q

compensation piaget

A

changes in dimension can be offset by changes in another

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73
Q

relationship between biologically structured impulse and capacity to engage with the world (things that come in)

A

filter? knowledge in other heads?

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74
Q

vygotsky

A

value of the social
- cultural development - social and ind
- voluntary attention, logical memory, formation of concepts
sociocultural - complex, coconstruction with others and mediation of parents and others to help you shape the world

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75
Q

zone of proximal development - 2

A

parents help them to do things beyond their abilities - scaffolding
encultured others help them do it before they understand

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76
Q

social and biological

A

axn precede understanding from evolutionary history

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77
Q

why is multitask disrespectful

A

implicit decision of whats more important - flipping constantly

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78
Q

should i multitask - 2

A

no - they all suffer and the other looms over your head

later retrival is hard sand sometimes does not occur

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79
Q

multitask

A

task switching/interrupting - performance lowers with mistakes, time and poor quality

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80
Q

switching cost

A

losing things because you were multitasking - door study

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81
Q

focus

A

not letting anything else come in - eva on her ipad

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82
Q

addiction of the phone is from

A

classical conditioning - the vibration in your pocket is a secondary social reinforcement

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83
Q

our attention and working memory

A

is limited

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84
Q

folk intelligence/psych

A

contain opposite beliefs, you get through life without knowing how to explain anything

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85
Q

confirmation bias

A

when you dont like them you look for everything they did wrong - false explanation for situations

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86
Q

first perosnal impression

A

partially decise if you like them

87
Q

selective attention

A

pay attention to certain things/intentionally filter - they enter your working mem - tone of voice or word frequency

88
Q

2 results of selective attention and why it happens

A

inattentional and change bias

louder brighter physical stim

89
Q

why do we miss things

A

illusions of consciousness - we think we are continuously counscious but we are not - excuses for accidents when they were mental distractions until theres no ambiguity tthat you fcked up - you dont know what you missed because you missed it and you dont see the other stim until it gets mentioned

90
Q

capacity limites

A

working mem and short term mem - 7+/- 2 in a large amt of incoming

91
Q

what do we do when we get a phone number

A

repeat till we lose it

92
Q

keeping track of where you left off

A

heavy cost of time and you often lose/forget

93
Q

retrival of long term

A

takes up room

94
Q

why is long term mem error prone - 2

A

process of reconstruction with current retrieval cues can be corrupted by words
multitasked mem has slow and errored construction so you will have incomplete and distorted reconstruction

95
Q

mnemonists

A

encode, retrieve, use, manipulate, update, restore in long term perfectly - really good at task switching

96
Q

saccade

A

fast jump in your eye

97
Q

saccadic suppression

A

rotation and travel time ignored to stitch time together - fill in the gap and blind spot

98
Q

how good you think you are doing does not equal

A

how good you are doing

99
Q

stats of texting and driving

A

70% write
80 respond
90+ read
2% dont

100
Q

dangerous driving and dying

A

not yet - you can look straight at something and not have it enter your working mem -

101
Q

locus of control nowadays

A

external

102
Q

heavy media multitaskers vs non multitaskers

A

more trouble focussing and ignoring distractions - wide and thin attention habitually

103
Q

more time of social media

A

increase social miserablness

104
Q

women better at multitasking

A

no

105
Q

what to do with success people

A

emulate them, do your thing without interruption and distraction and dont stop until you are amazing - be single minded

106
Q

purpose of any animals

A

maximize reproduction

107
Q

sex

A
  • biological and assigned at birth by external genitalia then secondary sexual characteristics when we are older
108
Q

criteria for schiz 2- 5

A 
worse in functioning in daily life 
at least 6 months of disturbance 
2 of 
delusions/paranoia - thinking 
hallucinations - seeing/voices 
disorganized speech 
grossly disorganizied behaviour (unexpected social norm 
negative affect/logic/will
109
Q

all or some combo of the following characteristics for sex - 6

A

chromosomes xx vs xy
sex hormones - androgen vs estrogen (long bone), and progesterone (regulation of body temperature in relative quantity
gonads - testes vs ovaries
gametes - sperms vs eggs (sex cells)
internal reproductive organs (tubing) - ejaculatory ducts vs fallopian tubes
genitals - penis vs vulva
facial hair vs breasts

110
Q

can you change characteristics of sex?

A

no except for secondary sex characteristics

111
Q

secondary sex characteristics - 2

A

dont count in canada - just the penis/vulva

can be changed - more important in social situations

112
Q

brainstem and structures in males and females

A

sexual dimorphism - larger in males that regulate sexual act

113
Q

sex in indoeurope

A

dichotomous

114
Q

intersexuality

A

if one is all sex specific - all should be
but if you are either, its a continuum
mixture/intersex - not sex typical and you have ambiguous genetalia

115
Q

transsexuals

A

uncomfortable with natal sex - hormone/surgical to get another set of characteristics

116
Q

social construct

A

sex is a social decision - varies over time and culture space

117
Q

androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

xy and testes, but internal organs never develop - female external and sexual secondary characteristics - infertile and never menstrate

118
Q

dichotomous sex negative repercussion

A

state of emergency for intersex babies to surgically normalize - physical and psychological effects
- threatens our cultural expectation

119
Q

Guevedoche - 4

A

domoinican republic - eggs at 12
xy with 5 alpha reluctase deficiency
raised as girls then adopt masculine because the high surge of androgen at 12 gets their testes dropped
3 sexes and 2 genders - determined by criteria and defined by culture

120
Q

gender - 5

A

kind/race - genus
inclusion into category assigned at birth
systems of classification - can be many categories
culturally constructed categories with perceived sex distinctions of men and women
cultures the world and cultural members see things diff - cocktails, pets, behaviours

121
Q

gender role expectations - 3

A

crosscultural and historic - skirts and colors
prescribed rules of how a particular gender should behave
feminine vs masculine

122
Q

gender role enactment - 3

A

conforms to expectation
constellation of masculine and feminine that individual actually manifests
may contra gender role expectation

123
Q

sci def of gender - 4

A

diff that exist on average between males and females in behaviour, cognition, personality
males are better at bulls eye and object rotation
females are better at hand eye coordination and verbal fluency - allows you to make predictions

124
Q

social sci def of gender - 2

A

system of menaing used to construct categories based on concepts of masculine and feminine
cat vs dog for efficiency, ease of function and navigation

125
Q

gender atypical manner

A

pathologized by psychiatric for a gender identity disorder - clinical therapy to behave in ways that conform and distress the child and lowers their self worth, but its not a mental disorder and it just destablizes particular gender roles

126
Q

gender in other places - 2

A

3/4 according to parameters in association with sex distinctions - specific linguistic terms
alyha, hwame, hijra, sadhin, bakla, kathoey, mahu, fafafine

127
Q

parameters of gender

A 
type of work 
religious act 
positions employed at sex 
sexual abstinence 
sexual orientation 
clothing and appearance 
mannerisms
128
Q

Oman 3rd gender

A

Xanith
- biological males that only receive penile penetration
- masculine and feminine in enactment
- interacts with both men and women
- own clothing and hair styles
premise - men engage in penile penetration, genders interact amongst themselves and men and women have certain clothing

129
Q

somoa third gender

A

southern pacific - 2 islands with apia
fafafine - neither men or women
biologically male but does not get recognized as men because they vary in gender role performance - feminine behaviours identified in childhood
doesnt have to do with sexuality but androphilic - straight men
men if youre masculine it doesnt who you sleep with
tolerant society

130
Q

gynephilia

A

attracted to females (sexual)

131
Q

2 ex of feminine males

A

istmo zapotex muxes

urak iawoi na ning - sea gypsies

132
Q

3rd gender categories for women

A

less common - albanian sworn virgins

133
Q

does the world exist as absolute sense?

A

no its 1 model of reality

134
Q

classical conditioning

A

russian - pavlov

association between 2 previously unrelated events

135
Q

pavlov

A

nobel prize for digestive system - dog salivary output when works came with food

136
Q

UCS and UCR

A

unconditioned stimulus of cheese would have unconditioned response of kitty

137
Q

whats needed for conditioning

A

reliable responses

138
Q

conditioned stim and condition response

A

Following UCS - plastic crinkling is the conditioned stim and the conditioned response is atill the kitty but the conditioned stim is unrelated to the conditioned response

139
Q

stim generalization and discrimination

A

increase or refine behaviour

140
Q

stim generalization

A

no restriction to the specific CS but a variety of closely related stim

141
Q

stim discrimination

A

only the most likely stims

142
Q

operant conditioning

A

BF skinner

- change frequency in behavioural response - increase or decrease rate and persistence of B by rewards and punishments

143
Q

what strongly influences the continuation of a response

A

schedule/pattern of delivery of reinforcement and consistency

144
Q

extinction

A

decline/eventual disappearance from cocnsistently not rewarding

145
Q

partial reinforcement

A

extrememly difficult to stop because you believe in that chance

146
Q

complex patterns of behaviour

A

produced and maintained in response to signals and cues not immediately connected to the situation - combination of cues and reward properties of stimulus of interest

147
Q

maladaptive pattern

A

engage in B with vigor - drug abuse

initiation and maintanence of an addiction cycle

148
Q

HR and BP in smokers

A

both drop

149
Q

cigarettes are

A

addictive

150
Q

smokers get

A

negative reactions that are stereotypical for addicts

151
Q

compulsive B

A

changes the brain, sometimes permenantly

152
Q

drugs work

A

off the same system your survival instincts do

153
Q

drug addiction and examples 1-6

A 
compulsive, maladaptive behaviour 
objects/habits- nail biting 
food - approach/avoid - power and control 
exercise regimes 
hoarding - scarcity 
gambling - designed to get you hooked 
sex
154
Q

drug addition WHO and example

A

world health organization
a syndrome in which the use of a drug is given high priority than other B that once had greater value
smokers dont go near people who dont like smoke - smoke is more imprtant now

155
Q

extreme from of drug addiction

A

associated with compulsive drug use behaviour - characteristics of chronic relapsing disorder - wanted, desired goal - video games

156
Q

neural basis of drug addiction

A

incentive sensitization theory of addiction/drug craving

157
Q

sensitization

A

take it more than once to exhibit a pattern of behaviour

158
Q

motivating behaviours

A

motivates you to go to a goal

159
Q

appetitive phase - 4

A

non-specific - wanting it
B is fundamentally similar regardless of goal - external stim depending on wher e you can find it
anticipatory
hunger, thirst, desire, wanting, needing, craving

160
Q

consumatory phase -

A

specific
B necessary for successful interaction with specific goal (external stim) - the entire process of action
performance
eating, drinking, copulating, taking a drug

161
Q

wanting - 3

A

subjective experience of needing/desiring something
activation of neurons that use dopamine as their neurotransmitter (operant conditioning - self and electrical stimulation)
cell bodies in the midbrain - axons into limbic system (autobiography) and the prefrontal cortex

162
Q

pleasure - 4

A

wanting vs liking - diff and ind
subjective experience of a sensation as pleasurable
eurphoria/pos affective state
warm and fuzzies - love, empathy, bonding, social understanding
endogenous opioids and oxytoxin (orgams, milk, bonding)

163
Q

if a goal has incentive

A

increase activity, novel reacion, attention to cues

maladaptive goals

164
Q

d-amphetamine - 4

A 
psychostimulant as a direct DA agonist 
WWII to open airway for asthma 
1. increase DA
2. block reuptake of DA 
same thing that happens to incentivized goals and intermittent drug use
165
Q

repeated drug use

A

2 oppositional effects that are not mutually exclusive

166
Q

fundamental non-associative learning

A

habitation/tolerance - decrease in drug effect over repeated admin
facilitation/sensitization - increase in drug effect over repeated admin

167
Q

what can get sensitized

A

DA and behaviour systems perhaps for a lifetime

168
Q

flat affect

A

no response

169
Q

if you starve someone of a drug

A

1/4 of drug can act like triple the amount

170
Q

drug addiction path

A

drug -> DA in forebrain -> wanting (increased drug oriented B) -> repeated use (sensitization of DA systems and increased wanting) -> compulsive drug seeking B (addiction)

171
Q

why dont we get addicted to all drugs? - 3

A

conditioned control of wanting and drug taking B
fake pain for pain killers
bar smokers - cues in the environment

172
Q

when animals and drugs get paired in a specific context - 3

A

increase initial response
incrase in sensitization - dont bring it home and link it to everything else
strong, long lasting conditional responses to environment

173
Q

relapse and specific context - 4

A

back into original environment of previous drug use
rehab is not the solution
takinga drug again - same or another
stress

174
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

conditioned response will come back - first SR then second SR but DA levels will drop

175
Q

childress (1999)

A

drug related cues will activate specific brain regions in former addicts

176
Q

how many people get mental health problems

A

1/5 adults and 1/7 children and adoles

177
Q

increase of mental health problems

A

12.2-48 % last year

178
Q

WHO stats for mental health disease

A

20% of disease burden by 2020, 183.9 mil daly - yr lost to disability
7.4% of health related DALY worldwide

179
Q

When did we start do get increased mental health services and professionals? is it helping?

A

early 1990s

no - prevalence is not dropping

180
Q

Treatment gap

A

we havent responded and its growing

minimum people get treatment - 76-85% in low and middle income, 35-50 in high income coountries

181
Q

leading cause of DALY

A

4 psychiatric - depression, addiction, schiz, bipolar

182
Q

prevalence of mental health disease before therapists

A

lower - change over time

183
Q

why did prevalence increase over time - 3

A

social acceptance and willingness to report
increase psychopathologizing stressors
clinicians ability to assess

184
Q

changes in different mental health prevalence - 2

A

psychosis and suicide stay the same

assessment criteria show decrease schiz and depression

185
Q

how did we survive before therapists

A

natural recovery/time

close relationship with friends and fam - exercise

186
Q

Why therapists?

A

more knowledgeable in strategies and emotional support

187
Q

why not therapists - 3

A

most ppl get better on their own with fam and friends
therapists dont cure you - you cure yourself with motivation, time, problem solving, social support and lifestyle changes
more than 50% of problems go away within a year

188
Q

strategies

A

helpful but also on self help materials

189
Q

why dont people seek treatment

A

70% happily believe they can deal on their own

190
Q

when seek formal treatment?

A

unsuccessful with dealing with problem on their own

severe/uncommon conditions that interfere with life

191
Q

do people with mental health problems need treatment

A

not always

192
Q

time frame for psychiatry, psychologist, clinical social worker, mental health nurse
generic consellor

A 
12
10-13
4-6
2-6
varies
193
Q

does more training help?

A

no people with 0 training have better results
- esp substance abuse and psychotherapy
clinical decision making and psychotherapeutic has no demo of accuracy and skill after expertise

194
Q

time and therapists

A

less effective over time - apathetic, routine, burnt out

195
Q

therapeutic alliance

A

warmth, empathy, interpersonal skills

196
Q

training and unnecessity counters

A

increased ed and training to become therapist
increased need to be registered/licensed
increased specialization of therapist

197
Q

are some treatments better than others?

A

true difference does not exist

198
Q

treatments for specific targeted B

A

primary outcome - small significant diff but not secondary outcomes

199
Q

secondary outcomes

A

overall QOL and ADL

200
Q

whats better for primary outcomes

A

CBT

201
Q

why do the effects lower as time goes on?

A

decreased placebo effect - patient and therapist postive expectation decreases

202
Q

fdbk informed therapy

A 
best 
ongoing fdbk from clients for therpists 
non specific elements of treatment 
relationship - therapeutic alliance 
hard to be scrutinized all the time
203
Q

are certain treatments better for certain problems?

A

no - large actions in a wide range of areas

204
Q

project match

A

no diff between types of alcoholics and treatments

205
Q

why arent certain treatments better for certain people?

A

not enough biological/genetic to inform choice

206
Q

do people seek treatment?

A

not usually unless its more severe, self help is more common

207
Q

do ppl continue with treatment

A

no - half drop out early

208
Q

who do adults and kids see?

A

fam doc and school consillor

209
Q

whats the strongest indicator of treatment success 1- 3

A

nonspecific elements of psychotherapy placebo effect

  • opting for treatment means a desire to change
  • positive expectations
  • personal interactions
210
Q

what are the treatment elements for positive out come - 6

A

client quality - motivation, premorbid functioning
therapist quality - empathy, interpersonal, flexible intelligent thinking
quality of relationship between the two - similarity
receiving and staying in treatment - ensure patient comfort
positive expectations
types of treatment (meh)
behavioural oriented is better in secondary outcomes

211
Q

not important to treatment

A

setting - in/out patient
duration/type of treatment
experience, training, profession of therapist

212
Q

do beliefs constitute evidence?

A

no = objective scientific research and critical thinking

213
Q

why doesnt intellectual empathy count?

A

lack of personal connection

Psych 1000 (1 decks)

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