Exam 1 Flashcards
What does facilitated communication do?
Hold their arm to initiate the movement and provide physical and emotional support for kids with poor hand eye and muscle tone and speech problems and kids with autism - try and progress them to ind typing
First hand or third hand info?
We don’t know because we can’t distinguish between people
Studies we can conduct to test FC and limits?
Double blind study to control the situation to answer your fundamental question but we can’t do a properly control trial and they claiming that failure come from patients being antagonized and stressed out
What do research studies show about FC?
All facilitator control and no real communication from the person
Experimenter expectancy effect
They have different knowledge so participants act based on experimenter
Pymalion in classroom
Higher expectancy yields greater outcomes because they’re treated differently
Unintentional signaling
Clever hans and dogs - not intentional signals but microexpressions - ppl leaning forward
naive realism
see something - specific belief without attempt to see if its causal
Facilitators design test?
nope - they think its telepathic, locus of attention - best intentions that dont work
Changing the name of FC
rapid prompting to have keyboard in the air fly under the radar but remain credibility
how if FC a belief?
convinced and unwilling to look at something else - reciprocal trust
fundamentally why wouldnt FC work?
written language is a lot more complicated than spoken
how do facilitators produce msgs? `
without awareness - automatic writing which has less censors - moments of distraction and inattention caused by experimental bias, mental telepath, unconscious influence, subjective validation, stimulation leakage, expectancy effect, deception, self delusion
FC and american hearing and speech
not to be used
what are the two things that FC lacks?
Self determination and self report
comparative psychologist with evolution would explain behaviour as
primates - survival based reaction of monkeys
neuropsychologist would explain behaviour as
brain programs behaviour - frontal cortex/ dopamine neurotransmitter system
developmental psychologist explain behaviour as
lifespan and experience through
evolution
biology -
behaviour comes from
gene and environment starting at conception
importance of childhood
foundation (mental, thought, feelings and behaviours) of adult abnormal behaviour
passive interactions
family raising kids as they would like to be
evocative interactions
get encouraged if you’re good
active interactions
“do i want to do it?”
developmental disorders are
time bombs because they have a genetic/early environmental cause
schiz - 30 yr
huntingtons - 50 - dominant gene
alzeimers - 70
causes of developmental disorders - 4
genes, poor prenatal environment, stressful birth, miserable childhood (bully and divorce)
why not test for developmental disorders
insurance
no cure
do schiz become violent during an episode
no
schiz are often prone to
substance abuse - 1/4 is an addict but not smoking because nicotine receptors fixed these neurons
schiz population cure rates
1/4 recover with few problems
1/3 okay but issues/ relapse with limited abilities
1/3 in and out of hospitals
schiz lifestyles
20% cured 20% paid workers 13% home makers 10% rooming house 10% suicide 5% shelter 2% hospital 1% homeless
are schiz episodes predictable?
yes after the first one
Where did schiz come from
europe - causal dopamine overactivity - protein with other proteins - cytokenes (early) scaffold for migration of nerve cells
men vs women
men have it worse and women get it later and less because they have more friendship, support and cooperation
what is schiz - 4
split from reality - mental illness
young adult onset (sometimes sudden)
1% - life time vulnerability
cant use tough love
to test frontal and temporal cortex
eye movement
3 key elements to not having schiz
outgoing, happy childhood, intact fam
schiz illness path
diff for ppl - drugs that work can limit to 1-2 outbreaks per life time - the sooner the better
genetic influence
first/second relatives, genes and environment (adoption)
twins - 50%
parent - 10%
schiz and genes
multiple - not single recessive - 6p, 8p, 9, 20, 22- many common alleles with small effects
family of diseases
genotype enviornment correlation
musical parents put you in music classes
combo model of causes
- prenatal - 4
- lifespan - 9
- onset - 2
environmental - 18yrs and 9m
prenatal - infection in the winter after first trimester because the virus gets through the placenta
- malnutrition going into 3rd trimester (dutch hunger winter)
- toxins (lead)
- drinking, stress, disease
- urban
- minority immigrant in UK
- migrant - culture shock
- born in winter/early spring - inside lots
- prolonged/stressful birth
- seperation of placenta before born
- sexual abuse/poverty
- bullying
- shyness
- major psychosocial stress - late adoles - finish maturing to get jobs and leave homes
- substance abuse
schiz and teens
give them to teens if they are risky?
early views of family dynamics?
overprotective but cold parents in a double blind situation could help the schiz kid but not cause it
expressed emotions and schiz
overinvolved and critical might help onset and relapse, they recover better in developing countries
4 things that will get rid of schiz
universal excellent prenatal care
safe, stressfree delivery
stress management for YA
cooperative and supportive society
2 things that will not get rid of schiz
gene manipulation
support for fam/parenting - can make it milder
what happens if you develop schiz
quit work, leave school, hospitalized
antipsychotic to dampen
psychotherapy doesnt work - not environmental
if stressed induced - learn to deal with stress - behaviour management and socialization therapy
ontology
knowing something for certain - but we cant deduce with certainty
cogito ergo sum
i think, therefore i am - decartes
- logical deduction - quality of assumption
epistemology
how do we know what we know - central and oldest in psych
priori knowledge
thoughts preexist - minds are there at the beginning and contain the beginning of thought
innate ideas
born with it - deductive rationalism - the wall and I are both solid so we cant both be there at the same time
basic understanding then reason for new understanding
why not innate ideas
children and idiots would be aware but they are not
locke and hume
tabula rasa - developmental, includes senses - basis of thought
empiricism - needs experience - INDUCTIVE that is specific to understanding and limited to your knowledge
william james
infant needs to sort through all that input- optimize dealings with the world - natural selection and blank slate
darwin - 5
descent with modification - survival of the fittest
- relatives for relevant genes - evolutionary
increase efficiency in transorming sensation into understanding
learn through experience - classical/operant conditioning
context specific understanding and track current state of environment
instincts
darwin - hard wired innate feelings for things important to you - survival behaviour
imprinting - darwin
phase sensitive learning
fixed action pattern - darwin
only fix the problem if they go back to the beginning of the sequence because they have limited abilities
long vs short lived - darwin
short have a tightly programmed behaviour repertoire
long have a uncertain life so increase your ability to change and anticipate
Jean piaget
biological adaptation and analysis and epistemological interpretation of higher form of adaptation
Jean piaget kids vs adults
dumb little ones with little understanding - develop adult capabilities by actively engaging to acquire conceptual understanding
piaget deductive
conclusion based on known facts - premise leads to conclusion - understand and manipulate objects
stages of development
genetic epistemology (developmental/constructionism how we come to understand) intelligence allows us to respond flexibly and adapt according to our biological maturity - appropriate standards
thought - piaget
biological adaptation and capacity of thought through adapting
knowledge piaget
constructed by action and builds on itself
adaptation piaget
assimilation and accomodation - take in and change it
disequalibrium and equalibrium
sensorimotor stage
birth - 2, learn by do, knowledge through action - object permanence
concrete operations stage
7-8
compensation reversibility - same size of glass dispite shape - inductive logic
identity piaget
stays the same if nothings added/subtracted
compensation piaget
changes in dimension can be offset by changes in another
relationship between biologically structured impulse and capacity to engage with the world (things that come in)
filter? knowledge in other heads?
vygotsky
value of the social
- cultural development - social and ind
- voluntary attention, logical memory, formation of concepts
sociocultural - complex, coconstruction with others and mediation of parents and others to help you shape the world
zone of proximal development - 2
parents help them to do things beyond their abilities - scaffolding
encultured others help them do it before they understand
social and biological
axn precede understanding from evolutionary history
why is multitask disrespectful
implicit decision of whats more important - flipping constantly
should i multitask - 2
no - they all suffer and the other looms over your head
later retrival is hard sand sometimes does not occur
multitask
task switching/interrupting - performance lowers with mistakes, time and poor quality
switching cost
losing things because you were multitasking - door study
focus
not letting anything else come in - eva on her ipad
addiction of the phone is from
classical conditioning - the vibration in your pocket is a secondary social reinforcement
our attention and working memory
is limited
folk intelligence/psych
contain opposite beliefs, you get through life without knowing how to explain anything
confirmation bias
when you dont like them you look for everything they did wrong - false explanation for situations
first perosnal impression
partially decise if you like them
selective attention
pay attention to certain things/intentionally filter - they enter your working mem - tone of voice or word frequency
2 results of selective attention and why it happens
inattentional and change bias
louder brighter physical stim
why do we miss things
illusions of consciousness - we think we are continuously counscious but we are not - excuses for accidents when they were mental distractions until theres no ambiguity tthat you fcked up - you dont know what you missed because you missed it and you dont see the other stim until it gets mentioned
capacity limites
working mem and short term mem - 7+/- 2 in a large amt of incoming
what do we do when we get a phone number
repeat till we lose it
keeping track of where you left off
heavy cost of time and you often lose/forget
retrival of long term
takes up room
why is long term mem error prone - 2
process of reconstruction with current retrieval cues can be corrupted by words
multitasked mem has slow and errored construction so you will have incomplete and distorted reconstruction
mnemonists
encode, retrieve, use, manipulate, update, restore in long term perfectly - really good at task switching
saccade
fast jump in your eye
saccadic suppression
rotation and travel time ignored to stitch time together - fill in the gap and blind spot
how good you think you are doing does not equal
how good you are doing
stats of texting and driving
70% write
80 respond
90+ read
2% dont
dangerous driving and dying
not yet - you can look straight at something and not have it enter your working mem -
locus of control nowadays
external
heavy media multitaskers vs non multitaskers
more trouble focussing and ignoring distractions - wide and thin attention habitually
more time of social media
increase social miserablness
women better at multitasking
no
what to do with success people
emulate them, do your thing without interruption and distraction and dont stop until you are amazing - be single minded
purpose of any animals
maximize reproduction
sex
- biological and assigned at birth by external genitalia then secondary sexual characteristics when we are older
criteria for schiz 2- 5
worse in functioning in daily life at least 6 months of disturbance 2 of delusions/paranoia - thinking hallucinations - seeing/voices disorganized speech grossly disorganizied behaviour (unexpected social norm negative affect/logic/will
all or some combo of the following characteristics for sex - 6
chromosomes xx vs xy
sex hormones - androgen vs estrogen (long bone), and progesterone (regulation of body temperature in relative quantity
gonads - testes vs ovaries
gametes - sperms vs eggs (sex cells)
internal reproductive organs (tubing) - ejaculatory ducts vs fallopian tubes
genitals - penis vs vulva
facial hair vs breasts
can you change characteristics of sex?
no except for secondary sex characteristics
secondary sex characteristics - 2
dont count in canada - just the penis/vulva
can be changed - more important in social situations
brainstem and structures in males and females
sexual dimorphism - larger in males that regulate sexual act
sex in indoeurope
dichotomous
intersexuality
if one is all sex specific - all should be
but if you are either, its a continuum
mixture/intersex - not sex typical and you have ambiguous genetalia
transsexuals
uncomfortable with natal sex - hormone/surgical to get another set of characteristics
social construct
sex is a social decision - varies over time and culture space
androgen insensitivity syndrome
xy and testes, but internal organs never develop - female external and sexual secondary characteristics - infertile and never menstrate
dichotomous sex negative repercussion
state of emergency for intersex babies to surgically normalize - physical and psychological effects
- threatens our cultural expectation
Guevedoche - 4
domoinican republic - eggs at 12
xy with 5 alpha reluctase deficiency
raised as girls then adopt masculine because the high surge of androgen at 12 gets their testes dropped
3 sexes and 2 genders - determined by criteria and defined by culture
gender - 5
kind/race - genus
inclusion into category assigned at birth
systems of classification - can be many categories
culturally constructed categories with perceived sex distinctions of men and women
cultures the world and cultural members see things diff - cocktails, pets, behaviours
gender role expectations - 3
crosscultural and historic - skirts and colors
prescribed rules of how a particular gender should behave
feminine vs masculine
gender role enactment - 3
conforms to expectation
constellation of masculine and feminine that individual actually manifests
may contra gender role expectation
sci def of gender - 4
diff that exist on average between males and females in behaviour, cognition, personality
males are better at bulls eye and object rotation
females are better at hand eye coordination and verbal fluency - allows you to make predictions
social sci def of gender - 2
system of menaing used to construct categories based on concepts of masculine and feminine
cat vs dog for efficiency, ease of function and navigation
gender atypical manner
pathologized by psychiatric for a gender identity disorder - clinical therapy to behave in ways that conform and distress the child and lowers their self worth, but its not a mental disorder and it just destablizes particular gender roles
gender in other places - 2
3/4 according to parameters in association with sex distinctions - specific linguistic terms
alyha, hwame, hijra, sadhin, bakla, kathoey, mahu, fafafine
parameters of gender
type of work religious act positions employed at sex sexual abstinence sexual orientation clothing and appearance mannerisms
Oman 3rd gender
Xanith
- biological males that only receive penile penetration
- masculine and feminine in enactment
- interacts with both men and women
- own clothing and hair styles
premise - men engage in penile penetration, genders interact amongst themselves and men and women have certain clothing
somoa third gender
southern pacific - 2 islands with apia
fafafine - neither men or women
biologically male but does not get recognized as men because they vary in gender role performance - feminine behaviours identified in childhood
doesnt have to do with sexuality but androphilic - straight men
men if youre masculine it doesnt who you sleep with
tolerant society
gynephilia
attracted to females (sexual)
2 ex of feminine males
istmo zapotex muxes
urak iawoi na ning - sea gypsies
3rd gender categories for women
less common - albanian sworn virgins
does the world exist as absolute sense?
no its 1 model of reality
classical conditioning
russian - pavlov
association between 2 previously unrelated events
pavlov
nobel prize for digestive system - dog salivary output when works came with food
UCS and UCR
unconditioned stimulus of cheese would have unconditioned response of kitty
whats needed for conditioning
reliable responses
conditioned stim and condition response
Following UCS - plastic crinkling is the conditioned stim and the conditioned response is atill the kitty but the conditioned stim is unrelated to the conditioned response
stim generalization and discrimination
increase or refine behaviour
stim generalization
no restriction to the specific CS but a variety of closely related stim
stim discrimination
only the most likely stims
operant conditioning
BF skinner
- change frequency in behavioural response - increase or decrease rate and persistence of B by rewards and punishments
what strongly influences the continuation of a response
schedule/pattern of delivery of reinforcement and consistency
extinction
decline/eventual disappearance from cocnsistently not rewarding
partial reinforcement
extrememly difficult to stop because you believe in that chance
complex patterns of behaviour
produced and maintained in response to signals and cues not immediately connected to the situation - combination of cues and reward properties of stimulus of interest
maladaptive pattern
engage in B with vigor - drug abuse
initiation and maintanence of an addiction cycle
HR and BP in smokers
both drop
cigarettes are
addictive
smokers get
negative reactions that are stereotypical for addicts
compulsive B
changes the brain, sometimes permenantly
drugs work
off the same system your survival instincts do
drug addiction and examples 1-6
compulsive, maladaptive behaviour objects/habits- nail biting food - approach/avoid - power and control exercise regimes hoarding - scarcity gambling - designed to get you hooked sex
drug addition WHO and example
world health organization
a syndrome in which the use of a drug is given high priority than other B that once had greater value
smokers dont go near people who dont like smoke - smoke is more imprtant now
extreme from of drug addiction
associated with compulsive drug use behaviour - characteristics of chronic relapsing disorder - wanted, desired goal - video games
neural basis of drug addiction
incentive sensitization theory of addiction/drug craving
sensitization
take it more than once to exhibit a pattern of behaviour
motivating behaviours
motivates you to go to a goal
appetitive phase - 4
non-specific - wanting it
B is fundamentally similar regardless of goal - external stim depending on wher e you can find it
anticipatory
hunger, thirst, desire, wanting, needing, craving
consumatory phase -
specific
B necessary for successful interaction with specific goal (external stim) - the entire process of action
performance
eating, drinking, copulating, taking a drug
wanting - 3
subjective experience of needing/desiring something
activation of neurons that use dopamine as their neurotransmitter (operant conditioning - self and electrical stimulation)
cell bodies in the midbrain - axons into limbic system (autobiography) and the prefrontal cortex
pleasure - 4
wanting vs liking - diff and ind
subjective experience of a sensation as pleasurable
eurphoria/pos affective state
warm and fuzzies - love, empathy, bonding, social understanding
endogenous opioids and oxytoxin (orgams, milk, bonding)
if a goal has incentive
increase activity, novel reacion, attention to cues
maladaptive goals
d-amphetamine - 4
psychostimulant as a direct DA agonist WWII to open airway for asthma 1. increase DA 2. block reuptake of DA same thing that happens to incentivized goals and intermittent drug use
repeated drug use
2 oppositional effects that are not mutually exclusive
fundamental non-associative learning
habitation/tolerance - decrease in drug effect over repeated admin
facilitation/sensitization - increase in drug effect over repeated admin
what can get sensitized
DA and behaviour systems perhaps for a lifetime
flat affect
no response
if you starve someone of a drug
1/4 of drug can act like triple the amount
drug addiction path
drug -> DA in forebrain -> wanting (increased drug oriented B) -> repeated use (sensitization of DA systems and increased wanting) -> compulsive drug seeking B (addiction)
why dont we get addicted to all drugs? - 3
conditioned control of wanting and drug taking B
fake pain for pain killers
bar smokers - cues in the environment
when animals and drugs get paired in a specific context - 3
increase initial response
incrase in sensitization - dont bring it home and link it to everything else
strong, long lasting conditional responses to environment
relapse and specific context - 4
back into original environment of previous drug use
rehab is not the solution
takinga drug again - same or another
stress
spontaneous recovery
conditioned response will come back - first SR then second SR but DA levels will drop
childress (1999)
drug related cues will activate specific brain regions in former addicts
how many people get mental health problems
1/5 adults and 1/7 children and adoles
increase of mental health problems
12.2-48 % last year
WHO stats for mental health disease
20% of disease burden by 2020, 183.9 mil daly - yr lost to disability
7.4% of health related DALY worldwide
When did we start do get increased mental health services and professionals? is it helping?
early 1990s
no - prevalence is not dropping
Treatment gap
we havent responded and its growing
minimum people get treatment - 76-85% in low and middle income, 35-50 in high income coountries
leading cause of DALY
4 psychiatric - depression, addiction, schiz, bipolar
prevalence of mental health disease before therapists
lower - change over time
why did prevalence increase over time - 3
social acceptance and willingness to report
increase psychopathologizing stressors
clinicians ability to assess
changes in different mental health prevalence - 2
psychosis and suicide stay the same
assessment criteria show decrease schiz and depression
how did we survive before therapists
natural recovery/time
close relationship with friends and fam - exercise
Why therapists?
more knowledgeable in strategies and emotional support
why not therapists - 3
most ppl get better on their own with fam and friends
therapists dont cure you - you cure yourself with motivation, time, problem solving, social support and lifestyle changes
more than 50% of problems go away within a year
strategies
helpful but also on self help materials
why dont people seek treatment
70% happily believe they can deal on their own
when seek formal treatment?
unsuccessful with dealing with problem on their own
severe/uncommon conditions that interfere with life
do people with mental health problems need treatment
not always
time frame for psychiatry, psychologist, clinical social worker, mental health nurse
generic consellor
12 10-13 4-6 2-6 varies
does more training help?
no people with 0 training have better results
- esp substance abuse and psychotherapy
clinical decision making and psychotherapeutic has no demo of accuracy and skill after expertise
time and therapists
less effective over time - apathetic, routine, burnt out
therapeutic alliance
warmth, empathy, interpersonal skills
training and unnecessity counters
increased ed and training to become therapist
increased need to be registered/licensed
increased specialization of therapist
are some treatments better than others?
true difference does not exist
treatments for specific targeted B
primary outcome - small significant diff but not secondary outcomes
secondary outcomes
overall QOL and ADL
whats better for primary outcomes
CBT
why do the effects lower as time goes on?
decreased placebo effect - patient and therapist postive expectation decreases
fdbk informed therapy
best ongoing fdbk from clients for therpists non specific elements of treatment relationship - therapeutic alliance hard to be scrutinized all the time
are certain treatments better for certain problems?
no - large actions in a wide range of areas
project match
no diff between types of alcoholics and treatments
why arent certain treatments better for certain people?
not enough biological/genetic to inform choice
do people seek treatment?
not usually unless its more severe, self help is more common
do ppl continue with treatment
no - half drop out early
who do adults and kids see?
fam doc and school consillor
whats the strongest indicator of treatment success 1- 3
nonspecific elements of psychotherapy placebo effect
- opting for treatment means a desire to change
- positive expectations
- personal interactions
what are the treatment elements for positive out come - 6
client quality - motivation, premorbid functioning
therapist quality - empathy, interpersonal, flexible intelligent thinking
quality of relationship between the two - similarity
receiving and staying in treatment - ensure patient comfort
positive expectations
types of treatment (meh)
behavioural oriented is better in secondary outcomes
not important to treatment
setting - in/out patient
duration/type of treatment
experience, training, profession of therapist
do beliefs constitute evidence?
no = objective scientific research and critical thinking
why doesnt intellectual empathy count?
lack of personal connection
