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Soils > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 scales of soil?

A
  • Global

- Local

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2
Q

Global scale of soil

A
  • soil is at the intersection of atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere
  • Soil is a biogeochemical membrane
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3
Q

Critical zone

A

-comprised of the outer layers of the planet that lie between the tops of the tallest trees and the bottom of the groundwater aquifers that feed out rivers.

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4
Q

Local scale of soil (for ideal soil system)

A
  • 4 phase system
  • 20-30% air
  • 20-30% water
  • 5% organic
  • 45% mineral
  • pore space is air, water, organic
  • soil solids are minerals
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5
Q

Ecosystem services of soil

A
  • provisioning services (food, drinking water, fuel)
  • Regulating services (climate, water, disease)
  • Supporting services (soil formation, nutrient cycling)
  • Cultural services (educational, recreational, tourism)
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6
Q

What forces move particles?

A

Ice, wind, water

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7
Q

MASTER horizons

A
  • O (organic horizons)
  • A, B, C, E (mineral horizons)
  • R (bedrock horizon)
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8
Q

Organic vs mineral soil

A

-organic has >20% carbon

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9
Q

Oi (stage 1)

A

–litters

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10
Q

Oe (O2)

A

-partially decomposed

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11
Q

Oa (O2)

A
  • highly decomposed by microbiota

- AKA humus

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12
Q

A (A1)

A

-mixture of humified organic matter and mineral soil (topsoil)

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13
Q

E (A2)

A
  • eluviated leached horizon

- leached by water

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14
Q

B (B2)

A
  • altered, undergoing change
  • Illuviation
  • Loss of carbonates
  • Change in color or structure
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15
Q

R

A

-weathered bedrock

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16
Q

What is the regolith composed of?

A

-Everything above the bedrock

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17
Q

What is the solum composed of?

A

-A and B layer collectively

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18
Q

p

A

-plow layer, abrupt smooth boundary

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19
Q

t

A

-illuvial accumulation of silicate clays

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20
Q

w

A

-distinctive color or structure

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21
Q

g

A

-gleying (strong grey color)

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22
Q

s

A

-illuvial accumulation of sesquioxides

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23
Q

h

A

-illuvial accumulation of organic matter

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24
Q

d

A

-dense, impermeable (gegenic)

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25
Q

x

A
  • dense, brittle, impermeable (genetic)

- Bx

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26
Q

Topsoil

A

-composed of organic horizons and the A horizon

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27
Q

subsoil

A

-composed of B and C horizons

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28
Q

Catena

A
  • soils that commonly occur in the landscape in sequence

- Each member of the catena has similar age, and parent material, but different drainage classes.

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29
Q

What is the point of reference for profile depth?

A

-top mineral soil horizon

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30
Q

Very poorly drained depth to mottliing

A

-0-4 inches

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31
Q

Poorly drained depth to mottling

A

4-8 inches

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32
Q

Somewhat poorly drained depth to mottling

A

8-16 inches

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33
Q

moderatley well drained depth to mottling

A

16-40 inches

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34
Q

well drained depth to mottling

A

> 40 inches

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35
Q

differences between reduced mottling and oxidized mottling

A
  • oxidized in red, yellow, and bright (Fe +3)

- Reduced is grey, gley, and dull (Fe +2)

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36
Q

Esker

A
  • coarse sands/gravel throughout

- Excessively well drained

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37
Q

Soil color–munsell notation

A
  • Hue, relation to red, yellow, green, blue, purple
  • Value- lightness (10 white, 1 black)
  • Chroma - departure from neutral of the same lightness
  • describes location in 3D color space, written as hue value/ chroma (1.5yr/4)
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38
Q

Soil profile horizon description (components)

A
  • color
  • horizon boundary
  • coarse fragments
  • depth to mottling, root restrictive layer
  • roots (size and abundance)
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39
Q

What has an influence on soil drainage class

A

-landscape shape, position, slope, and topography

40
Q

Size class of roots

A
  • very fine (<1mm)
  • fine (1 - 2mm)
  • Medium (2 - 5mm)
  • Coarse (5 to 10mm)
  • very coarse (>10mm)
41
Q

Root abundance

A

-few <1
-Common 1 to 5
Many greater than or equal to 5

42
Q

what contributed to the fall of Mayans

A
  • Overpopulation
  • soil degradation
  • competition among villages for resources
43
Q

Anthopogenic disturbance of the NE landscape

A
  • 1740, clearing of land for homesteads
  • 1830, height of cultivation
  • 1850, beginning of land abandonment
44
Q

Alluvial (fluvial)

A
  • deposited by streams

- particles are coarse, bigger

45
Q

-Lacustrine

A
  • deposited by lakes
  • variable size, size of particles depends on the speed of the water
  • means glacial lake
46
Q

Till

A
  • angular shape, not rounded
  • deposited by ice
  • Basal - crushed at bottom where ice melts, impermeable at water, dense
  • Ablation - ice with a lot of stuff in it, loose
47
Q

Marine

A
  • deposited by the ocean
  • texture depends on the source
  • east coast is coarse texture
48
Q

Outwash

A

-coarse texture, moves in water, becomes smooth and rounded

49
Q

Deposited by WATER (stratified)

A
  • outwash
  • Marine
  • Alluvial
  • Lacustrine
50
Q

Deposited by ICE

A

-Till

51
Q

5 factors of Jennys state model for soil formation

A
  • climate
  • time
  • organisms
  • parent material
  • topography
52
Q

Jennys state model CLIMATE

A
  • active
  • temperature, when the temp is warmer, the soil will form quicker
  • effective precipitation
53
Q

Jennys state model ORGANISMS

A
  • active
  • plants
  • breaking down organic matter and adding nutrients to soil
  • organisms mound, mix, form and fill voids, and form/destroy peds
54
Q

Jennys state model PARENT MATERIAL

A
  • determines how the soil will form as well as the texture

- passive

55
Q

Jennys state model TOPOGRAPHY

A
  • the slope and aspect of the land greatly influence how the soil develops
  • passive
56
Q

Jennys state model TIME

A
  • soils need time to develop, so a longer time frame leaves more time to develop a soil profile
  • passive
57
Q

Material depeosited by wind

A

-Eolian or Aeolian

58
Q

What are the 3 most common elements in earth crust?

A

-Al, Si, O

59
Q

Backslope

A

-WD and MWD till

60
Q

Footslope

A

-SPD and PD till

61
Q

Toe Slope

A

VPD, organic soil

62
Q

Mineral

A

-specific chemical composition and specific arragement

63
Q

Primary minerals

A
  • have not been altered since deposition (quartz, olive)

- silicate materials

64
Q

Secondary minerals

A
  • have been altered/weathered (clay)

- silicate clay materials

65
Q

Igneous rocks

A

cooling of magma

66
Q

sedimentary rocks

A

collection of particles that solidify under pressure

67
Q

metamorphic rocks

A

mix of igneous/sedimentary, heat and pressure applied overtime

68
Q

Mull

A

-thick A horizon, very thin litter layer

69
Q

Duff mull

A

-thick litter horizon, moderatley thick A horizon followed by E

70
Q

MOR

A

-thick litter horizon with small A, E horizons, mostly composed of bedrock

71
Q

_____ has greatest potential for high vegetative productivity

A

-Mull

72
Q

Coarse grained rocks weather to

A

-coarse (sandy) textured soils

73
Q

Limestone, marble weather to

A

-medium textured soil (silt, loamy)

74
Q

Shale, slate weather to

A

-fine (clay) textured soil

75
Q

Earth’s crust + weathering agents =

A

parent material

-Weathering of earths crust creates parent material

76
Q

soil parent material + weathering agents =

A

soil

-weathering of parent material creates soil

77
Q

Soil formation, Process model

A
  • Transformation
  • Translocation
  • Addition
  • Loss of material
78
Q

Transformation in process model

A
  • mineral weathering and organic matter breakdown

- destruction, modification, synthesis

79
Q

Translocation in process model

A
  • transloaction of organic and inorganic material

- occurs in 3 dimension

80
Q

Addition in process model

A

-addition of soil materials from the outside soil profile

81
Q

Two types of mineral weathering

A
  • Disintegration (physical)

- Biogeochemical weathering

82
Q

Physical weathering

A
  • temperature (can break things apart)
  • Ablation (water, ice, wind)
  • plants and animals (roots splitting sidewalks)
83
Q

Biogeochemical weathering

A
  • Hydration (water molecules are incorporated into structure)
  • Hydrolosis (splitting of water)
  • Dissolution (decomposition of ions)
  • Redox (exchanging of electrons)
  • Complexation (adding organic molecules)
  • Acid/base (changing pH of structure)
84
Q

Podzolization

A
  • Precip>PET
  • cool, moist temp
  • Soil order : spodosol
  • E, Bs horizons
85
Q

Laterization

A
  • Precip>PET
  • desilication, low Si
  • hot, moist temp
  • Ap, Bo horizons
  • Oxisol soil order
86
Q

Calcification

A
  • Calcium accumulates

- precip

87
Q

Gleization

A
  • anerobic, gleyed horizon

- reduced iron

88
Q

In arid regions, which weathering process is expected to dominate?

A

-Physical

89
Q

Soil texture

A

-relative proportion of primary particles (sand, silt, clay)

90
Q

Larger particles are called

A
  • Sand
  • 2 - 0.05mm
  • irregular size and shape
  • primarily quartz
91
Q

Particles >2mm are

A

-rocks, coarse fragments

92
Q

-smaller particals are called

A

-clay, diameter < .002mm

93
Q

medium size particles are called

A
  • silt
  • .05-.0002mm
  • irregular size and shape
94
Q

Sandy soils characteristics

A
  • low water holding capacity, organic matter, and compaction potential
  • susceptible to wind erosion
  • resist water erosion
  • rapid drainage, well aerated
95
Q

Silty soils characteristics

A
  • medium water holding capacity, organic matter, and fertility
  • very susceptible to wind and water erosion
  • moderate aeration
96
Q

wind blown silt deposits are

A

loess

97
Q

clay soils characteristics

A
  • slow drainage, poor aeration

- high water holding capactiy, organic matter, fertility

Soils (3 decks)

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