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Exercise Physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the study of how the body structure and function are altered by exposure to acute and chronic bouts of exercise

A

Exercise physiology

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2
Q

the application of the concepts of exercise physiology to training athletes and enhancing sport performance

A

Sport physiology

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3
Q

the study of the effects of the environment on the function of the body

A

Environmental physiology

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4
Q

a single bout of exercise

A

Acute exercise

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5
Q

a physiological change that occurs when the body is exposed to repeated exercise bouts over weeks or months. these changes generally improve the body’s efficiency at rest and during exercise

A

Chronic adaption

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6
Q

tests the same subjects and compares results over time

A

Longitudinal research

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7
Q

collects data from a diverse population and compares groups in that population

A

Cross-sectional research

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8
Q

single alpha-motor neuron + all fibers it innervates

more operating motor units = more contractile force

A

Motor unit

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9
Q

site of communication between neuron and muscle

consists of synapse between alpha-motor neuron and muscle fiber

A

Neuromuscular junction

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10
Q

outer connective tissue covering

surrounds the entire muscle and functions to hold it together and give it shape

A

Epimysium

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11
Q

a small bundle of muscle fibers wrapped in a connective tissue sheath within a muscle

A

fascicle

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12
Q

the connective tissue sheath surrounding each muscle fascicle

A

Perimysium

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13
Q

Muscle fiber contraction

A
  1. Action potential (AP) starts in the brain
  2. AP arrives at axon terminal release ACh
  3. ACh crosses synapse, binds to ACh receptors on plasmalemma
  4. AP travels down plasmalemma, T-tubules
  5. Triggers Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum
  6. Ca2+ enables actin-myosin contraction
  7. Myosin head attaches to binding site on actin
  8. Energy from release of ADP + Pi causes the power stroke
  9. ATP attaches to myosin head , and causes the disconnect
  10. ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi and energy is restored
  11. Cessation of action potential = return on Ca to TC via SR, and binding sites are covered
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14
Q

a sheath of connective tissue that covers each muscle fiber

A

endomysium

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15
Q

No actin-myosin interaction at binding site

myofilaments overlap a little

A

Relaxed State

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16
Q

Myosin head pulls actin toward sarcomere center (power stroke)

filaments slide past each other

sarcomeres, myofibrils, muscle fibers all shorten

A

Contracted state

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17
Q

an individual muscle fiber is surrounded by a plasma membrane

A

plasmalemma

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18
Q

a muscle fiber’s cell membrane

A

sarcolemma

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19
Q

gelatin-like substance that fills the spaces within the myofibrils

A

sarcoplasm

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20
Q

extensions of the plasmalemma that pass laterally through the muscle fiber

A

T-tubules

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21
Q

longitudinal network of tubules

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

22
Q

the basic functional until of a myofibril and the basic contractile unit of muscles

A

sarcomere

23
Q

order of recruitment of motor units directly related to size of alpha-motor neuron

A

Size principle

24
Q

optimal sarcomere length = optimal overlap

too short or too stretched = little or no force develops

A

Length-tension relationship

25
Q

maximal force development decreases at higher speeds

A

Concentric

26
Q

maximal force development increases at higher speeds

A

Eccentric

27
Q

the protruding part of a myosin filament. It includes the myosin head, which binds to an active site on an actin filament to produce a power stroke that causes the filaments to slide across each other

A

Myosin cross-bridge

28
Q

the tilting of the myosin head, caused by a strong intermolecular attraction between the myosin cross-bridge and the myosin head, that causes the actin and myosin filaments to slide across each other

A

Power stroke

29
Q

explaining muscle action: a myosin cross-bridge attaches to an actin filament, and then the power stroke drags the two filaments past one another

A

Sliding filament theory

30
Q

conscious control of skeletal muscle movement

A

Primary motor cortex (frontal lobe)

31
Q

clusters of cell bodies deep in cerebral cortex

help initiate sustained or repetitive movements

walking, running, posture, muscle tone

A

Basal ganglia (cerebral white matter)

32
Q

Maintains homeostasis, regulates internal environment

Neuroendocrine control, appetite, food intake, thirst/fluid balance, sleep, BP, HR, breathing, body temp

A

Hypothalamus

33
Q

Controls rapid, complex movements

coordinates timing, sequence of movements,

compares actual to intended movements and initiates correction

accounts for body position and muscle status

receives input from the primary motor cortex, helps execute and refine movements

A

Cerebellum

34
Q

regulates visceral activity

A

Autonomic

35
Q

stimulates skeletal muscle activity

A

Somatic

36
Q

Fight or Flight

Increases:
HR, BP, blood flow to muscles, bronchodilation, metabolic rate, glucose levels, FFA levels, mental activity

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

37
Q

Rest and digest
Increases digestion and urination
conservation of energy
decreases HR and diameter of vessels and airways

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

38
Q

localized changes in the membrane potential, either depolarization or hyperpolarization

triggered by a change in the neuron’s environment

A

Graded potentials

39
Q

site of action potential transmission from the axon terminals of one neuron to the dendrites or soma of another

A

Synapse

40
Q

primary neurotransmitter for the motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle as well as for most parasympathetic autonomic neruons

A

Acetylcholine

41
Q

Instant, preprogrammed response to a given stimulus

response to stimulus identical each time

occurs before conscious awareness

A

Motor reflex

42
Q

the process by which protein or fat is converted into glucose

A

Gluconeogensis

43
Q

the process of converting protein into fatty acids

A

Lipogenesis

44
Q

an enzyme found early in a metabolic pathway that determines the rate of the pathway

A

Rate-limiting enzyme

45
Q

the enzyme that facilitates the breakdown of PCr to creatine and Pi

A

Creatine kinase

46
Q

an energy-rich compound that plays a critical role in providing energy for muscle action by maintaining ATP concentration

A

Phosphocreatine (PCr)

47
Q

VCO2/VO2

A

Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)

48
Q

difference between oxygen required for a given exercise intensity and the actual oxygen consumption

A

Oxygen deficit

49
Q

the volume of oxygen consumed during minutes immediately after exercise ceases that is above that normally consumed at rest

A

Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)

50
Q

the point at which blood lactate begins to substantially accumulate above resting concentrations during exercise of increasing intensity
(point where blood lactate first increases above resting)

A

Lactate threshold

51
Q

anchoring points of contact for contractile proteins

A

Sarcomere Z-disks

Exercise Physiology (2 decks)

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