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Behavioral Neuroscience > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Tinbergen’s Behaviorl Explanations

A

Physiological

Ontogenetic

Evolutionary

Functional

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2
Q

Physiological Explanation Definition

A

Emphasis on brain and other vital organs.

ex: The chemical reactions that enable hormones to influence brain activity, and the routes by which brain activity controls muscle contractions.

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3
Q

Ontogenetic Explanation Definition

A

Describes the development of a structure or behavior.

ex: Difference in males and females due to effects of genes/prenatal hormones, and/or cultural influences.

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4
Q

Evolutionary Explanation Definition

A

Focuses on the evolutionary history of a behavior.

ex: bat wings are modified arms, and porcupine quills are modified hairs.

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5
Q

Functional Explanation Definition

A

Describes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did.

ex: camoflauged animals may be advantageous because they are hidden from predators.

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6
Q

Reasons for Animal Research

A

Physiologcial: Similar underlying mechanisms of behavior across species.

Ontogenetic: For their own sake - zoology/vet science.

Evolutionary: Sheds light on evolution.

Functional: Unethical or illegal to use humans.

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7
Q

Minimalists

A

Favor firm regulations on research, tolerate certain types of animal research but want to limit and prohibit others.

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8
Q

Abolitionists

A

Maintain that all animals have the same rights as humans.

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9
Q

Legal Standard - the three ‘R’s’

A

Reduction - of number of animals used.

Replacement - using computer models/substitutes for animals.

Refinement - modifying procedures to limit pain and reduction.

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10
Q

IACUC

A

International Animal Care and Use Committee

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11
Q

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

A

Spanish anatomical research and illustrator.

Won Nobel prize in 1906 in Medicine for work on the structre of the Nervouse System.

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12
Q

Cell Structures in an Animal Cell

A

Cell Membrane

Mitochondria - metabolic activities

Ribosome - protein synthesis, some free roaming and others attached to the E.R.

Endoplasmic Reticulum - network of tubes, some ribosomes attached, transports newly synthesized proteins to their locations.

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13
Q

Motor Neuron

vs.

Sensory Neuron

A

Motor Neuron - soma in the spinal cord, receives excitation through dendrites and conducts them along axon to a muscle.

Sensory Neuron - specialized at one end for specific stimulation(light/sound/touch). Conducts stimulation along to spinal cord.

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14
Q

Afferent axon

vs

Efferent axon

A

Afferent - brings information into a structure

Efferent - carries information away from a structure

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15
Q

Interneuron/Intrinsic Neuron

A

Cell’s dendrites and axon entirely contained within a single structure.

ex: neuron of the Thalamus has axon and dendrites all contained in the Thalamus.

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16
Q

Variation examples among neurons

A

Purkinje cell (cerebellum) - widely branching dendrites allow input receiving from up to 200,000 other neurons.

Bipolar neruons of the Retina - short branches where some receive input from as low as 2 other cells.

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17
Q

Glia

Hint: ‘ROAMS’

A

Essentially ‘glue’

Outnumber neurons in the cerebral cortex.

Radial glia, Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, Microglia, Schwann cells

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18
Q

Function of Glia Cells

A

Radial glia - Guide migration of neurons/axons/dendrites during embryonic development.

Oligodendrocytes - Build myelin sheaths in Brain and Spinal Cord.

Astrocytes - star shaped, wrap around synapses and aid in release/uptake of transmitters and synchronizing closely reated neurons.

Microglia - Act as part of immune sytem, removing virus/fungi and dead/damaged neruons from brain

Schwann Cells - Build myelin sheaths in periphery of the body.

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19
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

and Forces involved

A

-70 mV relative to outside of cell

Ions in solution, electrical and diffusion forces, semipermeable membranes, sodium potassim pump.

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20
Q

Sodium-Potassium Pump

A

Active process to transport Na+ ions out of the cell, and K+ into the cell.

Three Na+ for every 2 K+.

Requires energy supplied by ATP.

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21
Q

Hyperpoarization

vs

Depolarization

A

Hyperpolarization - an increase in the negative charge of a neuron.

Depolarization - the charge of the neuron becomes more positive.

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22
Q

Depolarization and Threshold

A

Detection of message occurs and results in change in potential of the site.

Inside cells are more positive, Na+ ion channels open and Na+ rushes in cell (depolarization).

If Threshold of -60 mV reached, Na+ channels open and polarity goes to +30 inside the cell.

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23
Q

Repolarization

A

Na+ channels close and K+ channels open.

K+ exits cell, creating increased negative charge inside.

Restores resting potential to 70 mV inside the cell.

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24
Q

Refractory period

Absolute and Relative

A

Absolute refractory period - when Na+ channels open, no stimulus can create another impulse.

Relative refractory period - When K+ channels open, cell can be stimulated again by impulse of greater intensity.

25
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Jumping of action potentials from node to node, without the need of regeneration at every point of the axon.

Charge flows down myelin sheath and propagation of action potential occur at nodes of ranvier.

26
Q

Temporal Summation

A

Repeated stimulus occuring within a bried time can have a cumulative effect.

27
Q

Spatial Summation

A

Sereral synaptic inputs from separate locations can exert a cumulative effect on neuron.

28
Q

EPSP’s and IPSP’s

A

Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential - results from a flow of sodium ions into the neuron.

Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential - results from either a flow of K+ out of the cell or Cl- into the cell.

Both are graded potentials - not all or none.

29
Q

Otto Loewi

A

1873-1961

Idea for experiment testing chemical synapses came to him in his sleep.

Stimulated Inhibitory vagus nerve of frog, resulting in decreased heart rate. Then took the fuid and transferred it to different frog, which experienced the decrease in heart rate as well. Same result with stimulation of excitatory vagus nerve.

Won Nobel Prize in 1936

30
Q

Ionotropic vs Metabotropic effects

A

Ionotropic - neurotransmitters bind to receptors resulting in ‘paper bag twist’ opening ion channels.

Metabotropic - Slower starting of metabolic reactions, longer lasting.

31
Q

Neurotransmitters:

1) Amino Acids
2) Modified Amino Acid
3) Monoamines - a. indoleamines, b. catecholamines
4) Peptides
5) Purines
6) Gases

A

1) Glutamate, GABA, glycine, aspartate
2) Acetylcholine
3) a. serotonin, b. dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
4) endorphins, substance P, neuropeptide Y
5) ATP, adenosine
6) Nitric Oxide - released immediately

32
Q

Acetylcholine Synthesis

A

Acetyl coenzyme A + Choline

33
Q

Dopamine, Norepinephrin, Epinephrine Synthesis

A

Phenylalanine –>Tyrosine –>Dopa

=Dopamine –> Norepinephrin–> Epinephrine

34
Q

Seratonin Synthesis

A

Tryptophan –> 5-hydroxytryptophan –>

Serotonin

35
Q

Synapses and Drug Effects

1) Agonists
2) Antagonists

A

1) increase, facilitate or mimic the effects of particular neurotransmitter(s).
2) decrease or block the effects of particular neurotransmitter(s).

36
Q

1) Agonists
2) Antagonists

A

1) Nicotine, Morphine, LSD, THC
2) Caffeine

37
Q

1) Cocaince and Ritalin (methylphenidate)
2) Amphetamine
3) Alcohol

A

1) Work by blocking the reuptake of dopamine
2) Works by reversing reuptake of dopamine
3) Is a Gaba agonist that works by factilitating the opening of Chloride ion channels.

38
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Somatic Nervous System - nerves that go to and from sense organs and muscles

Autonomic Nervous System - controls heart, intestines and internal organs.

39
Q

The Spinal Cord

A

Bell-Magendie Law - Anterior spinal nerve roots contain motor fibers and Posterior spinal nerve roots contain sensory fibers.

White matter - axons found on the inside

Grey Matter - cell bodies found on the outside

40
Q

Hindbrain

1) Medulla
2) Pons
3) Cerebellum

A

1) Extension of spinal cord, controls vital functions.
2) latin for ‘bridge’, where motor information becomes contralateral.
3) Contributes to finely timed movements, coordination, switching attention from one sensory odality to another.

41
Q

Midbrain

1) Tectum
2) Superior and Inferior Colliculus
3) Tegmentum
4) Substantia Nigra

A

1) Roof of the Midbrain
2) on either side of the tectum, important for sensory processing (inferior - hearing, superior - vision)
3) underneath the tectum
4) gives rise to dopamine containing pathway that facilitates readiness for movement.

42
Q

Forebrain

1) Thalamus
2) Hypothalamus
3) Cerebral Cortex
4) Hippocampus
5) Basal Ganglia

A

1) processes sensory information and sends output to cerebral cortex
2) conveys messages to the pituitary gland, altering release of hormones.
3) Outer portion of the Forebrain
4) Important for certain types of memory, especially for individual events, also responsible for monitoring where you are or where you’re going.
5) Important in movement, motivational/emotional behavior, and critial for learned skills and habits.

43
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Corpus collosum connects the right and left hemisphere.

Consists of the lobes of the brain.

44
Q

Occipital Lobe

1) location
2) function

A

1) posterior end of the cortex
2) Main target for visual information.

45
Q

Parietal Lobe

1) location
2) function

A

1) Between Frontal and Occipital Lobe. Posterior to the Central Sulcus and includes the Primary Somatosensory Cortex.
2) Monitors all information about eye, head and body positions then passes information to other areas of the brain that control movement.

46
Q

Temporal Lobe

1) location
2) function

A

1) laterl lobes, near the temples
2) Primary target for auditory information. Also important for emotional and motivational behaviors.

47
Q

Frontal Lobe

1) location
2) function
3) deficits

A

1) Anterior portion of the cortex. Goes back to the central sulcus and includes the primary motor cortex and pre frontal cortex.
2) Primary motor cortex controls fine movements, while prefrontal cortex controls movement(posterior), working memory/cognitive control/emotional reactions(middle), and making decisions/evaluation actions/outcomes(anterior).
3) Delayed matching to sample task (delayed response) and Stroop task (difficult to name ink color of a mismatched spelled color).

48
Q

Phrenology

A

Relating skull anatomy to behavior. Wrong for many reasons including skull anatomy doesn’t match brain anatomy AND samples were of small numbers of people who seemed to share personality aspects and skull bumps.

49
Q

Optogenetics

A

uses a device that shines a laser within the brain. Researchers can modulate the activity of targeted neurons using light.

Step 1: piece together genetic construct(find promoter to drive expression and gene encoding opsin). Opsin-light sensitive ion channel.

Step 2: Instruct construct into virus.

Step 3: Inject virus into brain, opsin expressed in targeted nuerons.

Step 4: Insert ‘optrode’ fibre-optic cable plus electrode.

Step 5: Laser light of specific wavelength opens ion channel in neuron.

50
Q

EEG

A

Records electrical activity of the brain through electrodes.

Useful in evoked responses.

51
Q

MEG

A

Measures faint magnetic fields generated by brain activity.

52
Q

Positron-emission tomography

A

Provides high resolution image of activity in a living brain by recording the emission of radioactivity from injected chemicals.

53
Q

fMRI

A

modified MRI based on hemoglobin instead of water. Hemoglobin with Oxygen reacts differently with magnetic field lines than Hemoglobin without Oxygen.

More active areas of the brain receive more bloodflow and more oxygen.

54
Q

Brain Lesions

A

Stereotaxic apparatus - structure for allowing accurate access to brain areas.

Stereotaxic atlas - printed map used to locate structures.

Microtome - apparatus used to section tissue for study.

Control group - Sham Lesion(same procedure without electrical current.

55
Q

CT / CAT scan

A

Donut shaped ring with an X-ray tube on one side and an X-ray detector on the other.

Head scanned from all angles, to create a picture of the brain.

56
Q

MRI

A

uses radio frequency signals to acquire its images.

Best used for soft tissues.

57
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

applied briefly can stimulate brain areas.

Prolonged or more intense magnetic fields can inactivate a brain area.

58
Q

Einstein’s Brain

A

Had no parietal operculum region, so inferior parietal lobe grew 15% wider than normal.

Inferior parietal lobe is in charge of mathematical and visual reasoning.

Behavioral Neuroscience (1 decks)

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