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Genetics of Livestock Improvement > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

animal genetics

A

study of the principles of inheritance in animals

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2
Q

animal breeding

A

application of principles of animal genetics to improve livestock

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3
Q

Mendelian genetics

A

principles f transmission of genetic material from generation to generation

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4
Q

Population genetics

A

study of Mendellian genetics in populations - predict the direction and magnitude of change in a population

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5
Q

Quantitative genetics

A

branch of genetics that utilizes mathematical theory and statistics

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6
Q

Molecular genetics

A

branch of genetics concerned with the structure and activity of genetic material at the molecular level

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7
Q

technologies used in molecular genetics

A

DNA fingerprinting, gene mapping, marker identification, marker assisted selection, gene transfer, cloning

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8
Q

Modes of inheritance

A

product progeny phenotypic distribution based on parental genotypes

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9
Q

Quantitative genetics

A

assessing genetic merit- describe traits with statistics to predict an animals next record, genetic worth, or response to selection

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10
Q

Robert Bakewell

A

applied inbreeding practices, recorded and reported pedigrees, “like begets like” father of animal breeding

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11
Q

Jay Lush

A 
Father of modern animal breeding. 
principles of selection 
used inbreeding to conserve genes 
cross breeding to use hybrid vigor
"like does not always beget like"
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12
Q

Trait

A

any observable or measurable characteristic of an individual

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13
Q

Reproductive traits

A

calf crop weaned, calving interval, conception rate, scrotal circumference

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14
Q

Growth traits

A

weaning weight, yearling weight, feed efficiency, average daily gain

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15
Q

carcass traits

A

quality grade, yield grade, carcass weight, ribeye area, fat thickness

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16
Q

aesthetic traits

A

frame size, soundness, coat color

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17
Q

simply-inherited trait

A

trait affected by only a few genes

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18
Q

polygenic trait

A

trait affected by many genes, with no single gene having an overriding influence

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19
Q

qualitative trait

A

controlled by one or few gene pairs. discrete categories, NOT affected largely by the environment

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20
Q

quantitative trait

A

trait controlled by many gene pairs, each having only a small effect. has continuous variation. influenced largely by the environment

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21
Q

Threshold trait

A

trait having discrete phenotypic classes but also having underlying continuous variation

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22
Q

single trait

A

measured only once during the lifetime of an individual. ex: bw, ww, age of puberty

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23
Q

repeated trait

A

trait expressed more than once during the lifetime of an individual. ex: fleece weight,, #farrowed, milk production

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24
Q

individual trait

A

trait measured in both sexes

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25
Q

maternal trait

A

observed only in females

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26
Q

paternal trait

A

observed only in males

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27
Q

phenotype

A

an observed category or measured level of performance for a trait in an individual

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28
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of an individual

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29
Q

system

A

a group of interdependent component parts

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30
Q

interaction

A

a dependent relationship among components of a system in which the effect of any one component depends on other components of the system

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31
Q

Biological type

A

a classification for animals with similar genotypes for traits of interest

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32
Q

GxE interaction

A

represents a dependent relationship between genotypes and environments
occurs when the difference in performance of two genotypes caries from one environment to another environment

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33
Q

End user

A

individuals whose needs should form the basis for breeding objectives for breeding stock

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34
Q

commercial producer

A

animal breeder whose primary product is a commodity for public consumption

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35
Q

seed stock (breeding stock)

A

animals whose role is to be a parent; animals contributing genes to the next generation

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36
Q

purebred

A

animals of one breed or line

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37
Q

line

A

group of related animals within a breed

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38
Q

selection

A

process by which some individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce than others; process that determines which animals become parents

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39
Q

Natural selection

A

selection that occurs in nature independent of deliberate human control

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40
Q

artificial selection

A

selection that is under human control

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41
Q

replacement selection

A

process that determines which individuals will become parents from the first time

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42
Q

culling

A

process that determines which parents will no longer remain parents

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43
Q

mating systems

A

a system or set of rules determining which selected males will be mated to which selected females

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44
Q

biological variation

A

caused by genetic and environmental factors

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45
Q

gene

A

a region or locus of dna that encodes a functional RNA or protein product, and is the molecular unit of heredity

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46
Q

genome

A

the entire set of an individuals genes

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47
Q

genome organization varies among species

A
  • type, number of chromosomes
  • overall genome size
  • organization of genes
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48
Q

genome packaging (compaction) affects…

A

dna replication, gene expression, protection

49
Q

Euchromatin

A

lightly packed or uncoiled DNA, is gene rich and under active transcription

50
Q

heterochromatin

A

tightly packed condensed areas of dna, inactive because they either lack genes or contain genes that are repressed

51
Q

Nucleosomes are made up of 8 histones

A 
2xH2A
2xH2B
2xH3
2xH4
(octamer core)
52
Q

to allow replication and gene expression..

A

chromatin must relax its compact structure and expose regions of DNA to regulatory proteins

53
Q

epigenetics

A

the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself.
ex: imprinting, gene silencing, X chromosome inactivation.

54
Q

humans have __ chromosomes

A

46

55
Q

cattle have __ chromosomes

A

60

56
Q

sheep have __ chromosomes

A

54

57
Q

swine have __ chromosomes

A

38

58
Q

Chromosome

A

structure of dna protein, and rna found in cells. it is a single piece of coiled dna containing many genes, regulatory elements, and other nucleotide sequence

59
Q

3 things make up a chromosome

A
  • origin of replication
  • telomere
  • centromere
60
Q

telomere

A

shortens with dna replication in differentiating cells (aging)
*only in stem cells

61
Q

telomere capping

A

protective function, prevents non homologous interaction (fussing with each other or rearranging)

62
Q

Why does a chromosome have a centromere?

A

proper cell division. the centromere is the site at which the chromosome gets pulled to one side of the cell

63
Q

Cell life cycle

A

G1 phase, s phase, g2 phase, mitosis

64
Q

kinetochores

A

binds the dna

provades a loading dock for microtubules

65
Q

telocentric centromere

A

no material above centromere

66
Q

acrocentric centromere

A

small bit of “p arm” showing above centromere

67
Q

submetacentric

A

centromere not perfectly in the middle

68
Q

metacentric

A

centromeres in middle

69
Q

satellite dna

A

located generally on heterochromatin, highly repetitive, ex) centromeric dna, telomeric dna

70
Q

VNTR- variable nucleotide tandem repeats

A

6-100bp can total 500-23000 bp

71
Q

STR- short tandem repeats

A

2-7 bp, Total 100-400 bp

72
Q

microsatelite variation used in

A

parentage analysis, dna fingerprinting, traceability, forensics

73
Q

Blending theory

A

each generation was a mixture of parental characteristics. ex) black x white=gray

74
Q

pure breed lines

A

line in which animals of like phenotypes perpetuate the phenotypes in their offspring

75
Q

concentrate genetics

A

mating females with males of the same breed

76
Q

breed

A

group of domestic animals with similar “homogenous” appearances

77
Q

true breeding

A

a kind of breeding in which the parents with a particular phenotype produce offspring only with the same phenotype(homozygous for trait)

78
Q

parental line

A

line in which animals of like phenotypes perpetuate the phenotypes in their offspring

79
Q

back cross

A

mating of a hybrid to a purebred of a parent breed or line

80
Q

inter se

A

among themselves

81
Q

theory of particulate inheritance

A

plants carry two discrete hereditary units for each trait (genes); are passed unchanged from generation to generation, determining various traits expressed by each individual

82
Q

law of segregation

A

the paired unit factors segregate independently during gamete formation

83
Q

law of independent assortment

A

traits assort independently during gamete formation

84
Q

chromosomal theory of inheritance

A

the separation of chromosomes during meiosis could be the basis for menders principles of segregation and independent assortment

85
Q

2 things contribute to genetic variation

A

independent assortment and recombination

86
Q

important differences in meiosis or mitosis

A

pairing and synapsis, recombination- crossing over or chiasmata

87
Q

complete dominance

A

heterozygote cannot be distinguished from the homozygous dominant

88
Q

partial dominance

A

heterozygote more closely resembles the homozygous dominant

89
Q

no dominance

A

heterozygote is exactly halfway between the homozygous dominant and recessive

90
Q

overdominance

A

the heterozygote exceeds the range established by the homozygous genotypes

91
Q

codominance

A

both alleles are expressed in separate and distinguishable manner

92
Q

polar overdominance

A

over dominance but can only be passed from one direction

93
Q

penetrance (incomplete)

A

the proportion of individuals with a singe gene mutation do not have an observable phenotype. on or off

94
Q

expressivity

A

individuals with same genotype exhibit varying degree in which the trait is expressed

95
Q

epistasis

A

interaction among genes at different loci such that the expression of genes at one locus depends on the alleles present at one or more other loci

96
Q

sex limited gene

A

expression is absolutely limited to one sex

97
Q

sex influenced

A

the sex influences expression but is not limited to one sex

98
Q

somatic mutations

A

occur in any cell except germ cell and are not heritable

99
Q

germ line mutations

A

occur in gametes are are inherited

100
Q

autosomal mutations

A

occur within genes located on autosomes

101
Q

x and y linked mutations

A

occur within gene located on the x and Y chromosome, respectively

102
Q

point mutation or base substitution

A

change of one base pair to another

103
Q

silent mutation

A

still codes for same amino acid

104
Q

missense mutation

A

results in a different amino acid

105
Q

nonsense mutation

A

may result in stop codon

106
Q

frameshift mutations

A

results from insertion or deletion of a base pair

107
Q

copy number variants

A

structural variant, due to indwells greater than 1 kb

108
Q

mutations at the chromosome level

A

major alteration in chromosomal structure. ex: translocations, deletions or duplications

109
Q

mutations at genome level

A

aneuploidies- chromosomes do not separate properly during cell division (trisomy 21)

110
Q

autosomes

A

all chromosomes apart from the sex chromosomes

111
Q

sex chromosomes

A

a chromosome that is represented differently in the 2 sexes

112
Q

dosage compensation

A

mechanism that compensates for the difference in number of copies genes been males and females

113
Q

random x inactivation hypothesis

A

the gene produced large rna molecules that spread out and cover or paint the chromosome to be inactivated

114
Q

gene pool

A

the collection of alleles found in the members of a population

115
Q

hardy Weinberg law

A

describes relationship of allele and genotype frequencies in populations

116
Q

HW equillibrium

A

in an ‘ideal’ population that is infinitely large with random mating and not subject to any evolutionary forces (mutations, migration, or selection) allele and genotypic frequencies remain constant from one generation to the next

117
Q

HW assumptions

A 
pop size is infinite
random mating occurs
natural selection does not operate
migration does not introduce new alleles 
genetic drift does not take place
118
Q

predictions

A

allele frequencies remain stable over time
allele distribution into genotypes is predictable
stable equilibrium frequencies of alleles and genotypes are maintained
evolutionary and nonrandom mating effects are predictable

119
Q

two allele system

A

p2+2pq+q2=1

Genetics of Livestock Improvement (1 decks)

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