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Crop Science > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Legumes

A

member of the Fabacea 600 genra and 12,000 species can fix atmosperic nitrogen symbiotically with N-fixing bacteria often seeded into pasture as important component to increase forage quality and yield

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2
Q

Rhizobia

A

N-fixing bacteria that grow on nodules on roots

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3
Q

Monocarpellary

A

one-chamber, containing one seed per pod or a single row of seeds in a pod

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4
Q
A

2= alfalfa: more than one seed/pod

4= Hairy Vetch: more than one seed/pod

6= Korean lespedeza: one seed/pod

8= Cowpea: more than one seed/pod

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5
Q
A

1= sweetclover: one seed/pod

3=Red clover: one seed/pod

5= Common lespedeza: one seed/pod

7= Field Pea: more than one seed/pod

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6
Q

Legumes

-Seeds dehisces along sutures or ribs

A

Advantage: naturally disperse seeds

Disadvantage: problem for commercial seed production because of easy shattering

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7
Q

Legume Leaves

A

arranged alternately on stem, usually attached to the stem by a stalk called a petiole

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8
Q

Simple leaf

A

single leaf blade attached directly to the petiole

(unifoliate)

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9
Q

Compound leaf

A

three (trifoliate) or more leaf blades are individually connected to the petiole by a short stalk called the petiolule

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10
Q

Stipules

A

leaf-like appendages connected directly to the stem near the junction with petiole

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11
Q

Pinnate

A

when petiolule of central leaflet is longer than the lateral leaflets

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12
Q

Palmate

A

all petiolules are equally short in length

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13
Q

Most important stages

A
  1. Vegetative
  2. Elongation
  3. Boot
  4. Heading
  5. Anthesis
  6. Mature Seed
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14
Q

Vegetative

A

unelongation tillers producing leaves only

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15
Q

Elongation

A

elongated internode with elevating shoot apices

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16
Q

Boot

A

inflorescences are sheath of flag leaf

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17
Q

Heading

A

inflorescensces emerged and expanded

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18
Q

anthesis

A

flowers started shedding pollen

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19
Q

Mature Seed

A

fully developed inflorescences and ripened seed

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20
Q

Florets

A

grass flowers, consisting lemma, palea, and flower parts; two glumes are attached at the base of the spikelet

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21
Q

Inflorescence

A

reproductive part consists of spikelets (basic reproductive unit or floret)

-cluster of flowers

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22
Q

Spike

A

spikelets are sessile i.e. directly attached to rachis (central stalk)

e.g. wheat, western wheatgrass, perennial ryegrass

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23
Q

Raceme

A

spikelets have short stalks (pedicels)

e.g. big bluestem

24
Q

Panicle

A

most common, branched and has pedicels

e.g. smooth bromegrass, switchgrass

25
Q

Tillers

A

new leaves and stem originating from axillary buds

26
Q

phytomer

A

consists of 5 parts:

  1. node
  2. internode
  3. leaf sheath
  4. leaf blade
  5. axillary bud
27
Q

Rhizomes

A

underground horizontal stems with scalelike leaves (cataphylls) and axillary buds at the nodes

28
Q

Stolons

A
  • aboveground* lateral stems with nodes, capable of producing new plants
  • good for persistence and growth
29
Q

Stems: 2 distinct forms

A
  1. short, non-reproductive or vegetative tillers having nodes and unelongated nodes
    1. adaptive mechanism to keep shoot apex and short stem in the older sheaths and near the ground, thus escaping from grazing
  2. elongated stems (culms) bearing distinct nodes and internodes
    1.
30
Q

sheath

A

tubular basal protion that encloses stem

-open, closed, overlapping

31
Q

Blade

A

flat, expanded part, above the sheath, major photosynthetic organ

32
Q

Ligules

A

appendages (fringe of hairs) at the joining place of sheath and blade

33
Q

Auricles

A

earlike appendages projecting from blade near collar

34
Q

Collar

A

hardened region at the junction of the sheath and blade

35
Q

Leaves

A

Grow on stem, appear alternately at each node in two opposite rows

Consist of: sheath, blade, ligule (includes collar), auricles (some cases)

36
Q

morphology

A

structure and arrangement of plant parts; in general- growth habit and structure

37
Q

Structure

A

form or shape of plant parts

-in way which plant parts are organized, built or put together

38
Q

Grasses

*Importance

A
  • ~785 genera worldwide
  • ~10,000 species worldwide
    • ~170 genera; ~1400 species only in the US
  • One of the largest plant families
    • Poaceae
      • old name Graminae
  • Consists of both c3 and c4 plants making wider range of adaptation
39
Q

Annuals

A

eg. small grains, corn

40
Q

perennials

A

eg. tall fescue, western wheatgrass

41
Q

Grass seed

A

Caryopsis

all grass seed units

specialized fruit

42
Q

What arae the roles of lemma, palea and seed coat?

A

Lemma, Palea, and Seed coat (ovary wall) protect caryopsis from mechanical damage, moisture loss, and attack from biological pests

43
Q

Caryopsis

A

consists largely of endosperm (starchy tissue)- storehouse of energy!

44
Q

Embryo consists of two parts:

A
  1. Cotyledon (Scutellum)- first leaf
  2. Embryo axis- central cylindder connected to scutellum; consists of three major parts
    1. coleoptile
    2. subcoleoptile internode
    3. primary root (radicle)
45
Q

Coleorhiza

A

a protective sheath for protecting the root tip during germination

46
Q

Legume Stems

A

vary significanty in terms of length, diameter, branching, and woodiness

47
Q

Legumes Prostrate

A

lateral growth of stem allows shoot apex to be remained in near ground, thus protecting shoot tips by cutting or grazing

48
Q

Inflorescence:

usually two types:

A

Raceme

Umbel

49
Q

Raceme

A

may be spikelike (eg. alfalfa or sweetclover) or very compact (eg red and white clovers) reffered to as head

50
Q

Umbel

A

umbrella like flowering

51
Q

papilionaceous

A

buterfly or pea-like

52
Q

Corolla consists of 5 petals, namely

A

standard

wing

keel

53
Q
A
54
Q

epigeal

A

epi=above

geal= earth

emergence in which cotyledons are pulled above the surface

55
Q

hypogeal

A

hypo= below

emergence in which cotyledons remain below ground

56
Q

Contractile growth

A

the process by which the first node where crown forms pulls back below the surface soil

57
Q

Advantages/disadvantages to epigeal and hypgeal emergence

A
  1. epigeal:
    1. cotyledons protect epictyle including the shoot apex and young leaves during germination
    2. through sunlight, cotyledons produce food for seedling by photosynthesis
  2. Hypogeal
    1. advantageous if young seedling is cut or frosted back to soil level
    2. because of the belowground cotyledons with nodes, they can regrow from buds, while epigeal cannot

Crop Science (1 decks)

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