Exam 1

Question 1

What is argumentation

Answer 1

A form of instrumental communication relying on reasoning and prove to influence believe or behavior through with the use of spoken or written messages

Question 2

What are Wenzel’s perspectives?

Answer 2

Rhetorical’s perspective, dialectic perspective, logical perspective

Question 3

What is rhetorical perspective

Answer 3

Focuses on the arguers strategies for creating arguments and adapting them to the audience by relating context and content; Produces the uninterrupted exposition of a speech

Question 4

What is dialectic perspective

Answer 4

Focuses on principles and procedures that encourage the give and take necessary for the critical study of a topic; produces a dialogue, a conversation

Question 5

What is logical perspective

Answer 5

Offers a series of formal rules for distinguishing sound arguments from unsound ones; Emphasizes accuracy in both proof and reasoning

Question 6

What is informal logic

Answer 6

Argumentation is described as this because it does not lead to absolute conclusions

Question 7

What are the three artistic proofs

Answer 7

Ethos, logos, pathos

Question 8

What is ethos

Answer 8

Credibility of the rhetor

Question 9

What is pathos

Answer 9

Emotions or passions of the audience

Question 10

What is logos

Answer 10

Logical appeals to rationality or intellect

Question 11

What is the ELM theory

Answer 11

A theory about how audiences respond to messages

Question 12

Central route

Answer 12

You are involved to a high extent; the quality of arguments, reasoning, and evidence matters most

Question 13

Peripheral route

Answer 13

The message has relevance to you and serves as your reason for involvement

Question 14

What are ethics

Answer 14

Indicates the moral choices a person makes

Question 15

What are teological ethics

Answer 15

Based on the outcomes or ends of communication

Question 16

What are deontological ethics

Answer 16

Based on a set of absolutes that differentiate between right and wrong ( basically a code of ethics)

Question 17

What is a field of argumentation

Answer 17

A social or professional context in which people argue to make decisions or build a body of knowledge

Question 18

What is a field dependent

Answer 18

Specific to that particular field alone

Question 19

What is a field invariant

Answer 19

Things that do not change as you move from field to field

Question 20

What is presumption

Answer 20

Specifies who occupies the ground at the beginning of the controversy; the opponent initially occupies the figurative ground; it only describes, does not judge the value or lack of value of the existing believes, institutions, laws, ideas, or policies

Question 21

What is natural presumption

Answer 21

Derives from the observation of the natural order of whatever field we find ourselves in at a given time

Question 22

What is artificial presumption

Answer 22

In the legal system, it demonstrates how presumption is influenced by a field

Question 23

What is burden of proof

Answer 23

The application of the advocate to contest the ground by offering arguments that are logically sufficient to challenge presumption

Question 24

Who takes the burden of proof

Answer 24

The advocate; present beliefs and behaviors described by presumption are judged and evaluated on the basis of available evidence and an alternative as proposed

Question 25

What is prima facie

Answer 25

Causes us to suspend our reliance on presumption as a guide for belief or behavior unless it is successfully changed; justifies a change in believe or behavior

Question 26

Who presents prima Facie

Answer 26

The advocate; the form and content of the arguments offered determine the face value of the advocates case

Question 27

What is locus of disagreement

Answer 27

The point at which your position diverges with someone else’s position; in the proposition, the locus is where we start a debate

Question 28

What is inherency

Answer 28

The problem cannot be removed or separated from and is inevitable and a vital to the question within the proposition

Question 29

Attitudinal inherency

Answer 29

The cause is found in the beliefs of a field

Question 30

Structural inherency

Answer 30

The cause is found in behaviors that operationalize said believes

Question 31

What are propositions

Answer 31

A statement that identifies the argumentative grounds and points to the change in belief or behavior sought by the advocate

Question 32

Factual proposition

Answer 32

Either it is true or it is false, no in between

Question 33

Singular value proposition

Answer 33

There is one single choice and that is the only option

Question 34

Comparative value proposition

Answer 34

There are two choices, compare them and choose one

Question 35

Policy proposition

Answer 35

A fact or value, and how to solve it

Question 36

Definitional proposition

Answer 36

Opponents as well as the judges of the argument must understand the terms and agree on their definition

Question 37

Types of definitions

Answer 37

Equivocal, vague, technical, new, coined

Question 38

What is the Toulmin’s model and what is the object of it

Answer 38

Breaks down an argument into six parts; the object is to weigh and support points Both for and against the topic

Question 39

What are the components of the primary triad

Answer 39

Claim, what you hope to prove; evidence, support and rationalization for the claim; warrant, helps draw connection between claim and evidence (often unspoken)

Question 40

What are the components of the secondary triad

Answer 40

Backing, provides support for the warrant; rebuttal, potential objection to the claim; qualifiers, allows you to adjust and add specifiers to your claim making it a stronger argument, claim cannot be probable

Question 41

What does the Toulmin’s model do for us

Answer 41

Forces you to think beyond your claim to want it stands upon, requires that you anticipate and consider possible rebottles to your claim, uses logical structure

Question 42

What is evidence

Answer 42

Information taken from material of fact or opinion, used to establish the probable truth of a claim

Question 43

Fact evidence

Answer 43

Can be verified as true or false; reports what is observed

Question 44

Opinion evidence

Answer 44

The interpretation or evaluation statement of an expert in a field of regarding facts that are pertinent to that field

Question 45

Statistic evidence

Answer 45

Present descriptive and inferential information about people, events or phenomena in a numeric format

Question 46

Premises evidence

Answer 46

Factual evidence that is excepted because it reflects human belief or experience

Question 47

Artifact evidence

Answer 47

Actual exhibits of objects, audio tapes or video tapes, or photographs presented for verification by the audience

Question 48

Scientific evidence

Answer 48

The results of controlled experiments on the inferred effect of one variable on another

Question 49

Primary evidence

Answer 49

Evidence from the person who did the research or observed the event first hand

Question 50

Secondary evidence

Answer 50

Evidence discovered once removed from the event