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Biopsychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the soul, mind, or spirit is distinct from body or brain. Spirit and brain control our thoughts and actions.
proposed by Rene Descartes

A

Dualism

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2
Q

Dualism

A

the soul, mind, or spirit is distinct from body or brain.
Spirit and brain control our thoughts and actions.
proposed by Rene Descartes

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3
Q

Reductionism

A

only the body and the brain control thoughts and actions.
Thomas Hobbes
Consciousness is a by-product of the brain’s activity - no soul or “mind”. (At least for lower class citizens of england)

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4
Q

only the body and the brain control thoughts and actions.
Thomas Hobbes
Consciousness is a by-product of the brain’s activity - no soul or “mind”. (At least for lower class citizens of england)

A

Reductionism

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5
Q

Main contributions of evolutionary theory to biopsychology

A

Human brains are not qualitatively different from other animals.
By studying brain function and behavior in animals, we can better understand human behavior.

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6
Q

receive messages from other neurons

receives info in terms of changes in the extracellular environment or neurotransmitters

A

Dendrites

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7
Q

organizes input from dendrites and “decides” whether the neuron should send a “message” to other neurons (integrates information), contains nucleus/genetic material

A

Cell body/Soma

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8
Q

carries electrical messages known as action potentials or messages to terminal buttons

A

Axon

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9
Q

____ insulates axons; if disrupted, messages will not be carried correctly

A

Myelin

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10
Q

releases neurotransmitters that tell other neurons or muscles what to do
translateselectricsal signals into neurotransmitter release

A

Terminal Buttons

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11
Q

Cells in nervous system that protect and care for neurons.

A

Glial Cells

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12
Q

insulate axons in peripheral nervous system

A

Schwann cells

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13
Q

insulate neurons in the central nervous system

A

Oligodendrocytes:

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14
Q

bring nutrients to brain neurons, remove waste, and insulate synapses

A

Astrocytes

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15
Q

assist in healing from brain injury

A

Microglia

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16
Q

Walls of blood vessels in brain lack pores between cells, Restricts entry of toxic substances into the brain.

A

blood brain barrier

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17
Q

provides cell with energy

A

Mitochondria

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18
Q

literally tubes within cells that transport proteins or packages of proteins over long distances (in neurons they are usually found in axons).

A

Microtubles

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19
Q

basically the “trash can” of the cell; involved in removal of waste from the cell.

A

Lysosomes

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20
Q

fluid within the cell; contains many enzymes that can activate or breakdown other proteins

A

Cytoplasm

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21
Q

involved in the synthesis and transport of new proteins, contains ribosomes

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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22
Q

Small organelles that are responsible for synthesizing new proteins.

A

Ribosomes

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23
Q

associated with lipid manufacture and metabolism and steroid hormone production. It also has a detoxification function.

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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24
Q

Chromosomes are composed of ______

A

Genes. Approximately 23,000

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25
Q

Genes are composed of _____

A

DNA

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26
Q

What is DNA?

A

It is mainly composed of four nucleic acids or bases: cytosine - guanine, adenine – thymine

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27
Q

creating an RNA copy of the DNA sequence of a given gene

A

Gene transcription

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28
Q

How is DNA transcribed to RNA?

A

Double helix unwinds when a gene needs to be turned into a protein.

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29
Q

How is RNA translated into a protein?

A
  1. The RNA is edited into messenger RNA (mRNA)
  2. The ribosome translates the mRNA into a protein. (does this 3 nucleic acids or one codon at a time)
  3. Individual codons specify what individual amino acid should be used to make the proteins.
30
Q

a large strand of amino acids that can provide structure to a cell or perform functions for the cell by acting as enzymes.

A

Protein

31
Q

What is a deletion

A

Deletion of DNA from the sequence

32
Q

What is an insertion

A

Insertions of DNA into the sequence

33
Q

What is a SNP

A

-Substitution- in DNA (e.g., C changed to G) within the sequence of DNA
single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) or point mutation.

34
Q

Every person has two copies of each gene (except on the sex chromosome).
Each copy is called a _______

A

an allele

35
Q

If present among the two copies (allele), then it gets expressed.

A

Dominant Allele

36
Q

only gets expressed if both copies(alleles) of are present.

A

Recessive allele

37
Q

How is the SNP related to nicotine dependence relate to ethnicity?

A

Found in ~40% of people of European and Middle Eastern origin (see 4, 5, 6).
Uncommon in people of African or Native American origin (see 2 and 1).
African Americans have lower prevalence of nicotine dependence than European Americans.

38
Q

What SNP has a been implicated in nicotine dependence

A

The “G” form SNP of the nicotine receptor gene is associated with a nicotine receptor protein that is more sensitive to nicotine.
The “A” form SNP of the nicotine receptor gene is associated with a higher likelihood of nicotine dependence.
>Having both “A” SNPs (or alleles) increases smoking risk especially in the absence of peers who smoke.

39
Q

3 reasons why resting membrane potential is negative

A

Ions maintain concentration gradients, sodium-potassium pumps, most proteins are anions

40
Q

A voltage-gated ion channel is one that opens or closes depending on:

A

Membrane potential

41
Q

Scientists have determined that the shape of the hippocampus, a brain region critical to learning and memory, is altered in people with schizophrenia. What type of technique is used to analyze the shape or structure of specific brain regions?

A

MRI

42
Q

steps that occur during an action potential.

A
  1. Excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) sum to increase membrane potential
  2. Threshold of excitement is met
  3. Sodium (Na+) channels open and Na+ enters the neuron
  4. Potassium (K+) channels open and K+ leaves the neuron. Sodium (Na+) channels begin to close
  5. Potassium (K+) continues to exit the neuron/.
  6. Potassium (K+) channels close on the neuron
43
Q

Rene Descartes is often described as a dualist. This means that:

A

he thought that our behavioral and mental life were determined by a soul and the brain.

44
Q

If one compares animal brains to human brains, one can state that:

A

most mammalian brains have all of the same brain regions that are found in humans.

45
Q

The glial cell that is responsible for wrapping neurons in the body and brain with myelin is called:

A

Microglia or Schwann cell

46
Q

Identify the correct sequence of events and processes required to create a protein.

A

DNA unwinds and is transcribed into messenger RNA. The messenger RNA is translated into a protein by the ribosomes.

47
Q

Gene on chromosome 4 codes for a protein known as ____

mutation in single gene

A

huntington’s disease

48
Q

What are the two main parts of a gene?

A

a regulatory region and a coding region.

49
Q

controls gene expression in a gene

A

regulatory region

50
Q

contains DNA sequences that is transcribed into RNA (in a gene)

A

coding region

51
Q

bind to regulatory region and control the rate of gene expression.
turn genes on and off.

A

transcription factor

52
Q

control of gene expression by chemical tags that bind to single genes

A

epigenetic

53
Q

How does adding a methyl group to cytosine decrease gene expression?

A

Blocks ability of transcription factors to bind to regulatory region.

54
Q

Childhood adversity and nicotine dependence

A 
CA also increases methylation of nicotine receptor regulatory region. (can be passed on to offspring)
Childhood adversity (CA) increases likelihood of nicotine dependence.
55
Q

One reason why the resting membrane potential is NOT more negative.

A

Electrostatic gradients: ions seek areas of opposite charges.
K+ is attracted to the negative charges inside of the cell.

56
Q

Describe the 3 different types of Ion Channels:

A

Protein-gated ion channel: protein called a kinase adds a phosphate molecule to ion channel to open it.
Chemically-gated ion channels: neurotransmitter or another chemical binds to channel to open it.
Voltage-gated ion channel: channel opens when a specific membrane potential is achieved (Na+ channels on axons during APs).

57
Q

Phrenology Vs. Equipotence

A

PHRENOLOGY: Specific mental functions are regulated by specific brain regions.
The size of these brain regions can be detected by examining skull shape.
EQUIPOTENCE: Each mental function requires multiple brain regions.

58
Q

sequencing, inhibition, speech, movement

A

Frontal lobe (Cerebral cortex)

59
Q

visual/spatial abilities and bodily sensations

Anterior parietal cortex contains primary somatosensory cortex.

A

Parietal lobe (Cerebral Cortex)

60
Q

visual information

Contains primary visual cortex

A

Occipital lobe (Cerebral cortex)

61
Q

recognition of objects and places, hearing

Contains primary auditory cortex

A

Temporal Lobe (Cerebral Cortex)

62
Q

3 areas of the limbic system

A

hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate

63
Q

encoding of new information

A

hippocampus

64
Q

activation of fear and aversive memory

A

Amygdala

65
Q

recognizes cognitive or emotional conflicts

A

Cingulate

66
Q

regulates execution of movement and habits

A

Caudate nucleus and putamen (IN BASAL GANGLIA)

67
Q

becomes active during states of pleasure

A

Nucleus accumbens (NA) (IN BASAL GANGLIA)

68
Q

acts as a relay between sensory input and the cortex

A

thalamus

69
Q

regulates feeding, fighting, fleeing, and sex.

Four F’s

A

hypothalamus

70
Q

proteins known as ____ bind to regulatory region and control the rate of gene expression.

A

transcription factor

Biopsychology (5 decks)

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