Exam 1

Question 1

What is histology?

Answer 1

Study of the microscopic structure and function of tissues and organs.

Question 2

What are the three sectional planes?

Answer 2

Transverse, frontal, and longitudinal.

Question 3

What is another word for longitudinal?

Answer 3

Sagittal

Question 4

What is fixation?

Answer 4

Killing of the sample.

Question 5

What is embedding?

Answer 5

Gives sample firmness. (ex: paraffin)

Question 6

What charge are basic dyes? Give an example.

Answer 6

Positive. Hematoxylin.

Question 7

What charge are acidic dyes? Give an example.

Answer 7

Negative. Eosin.

Question 8

What type of material do basic dyes bind to? What about acidic dyes?

Answer 8

Basophilic. Acidophilic.

Question 9

What is immunocytochemistry? Know the process.

Answer 9

Indirect method of visualizing proteins using primary and secondary antibodies.

Question 10

What is the advantage of immunocytochemistry?

Answer 10

Signal enhancement.

Question 11

What is confocal microscopy?

Answer 11

Optically sectioning of samples.

Question 12

What’s the difference between SEM and TEM?

Answer 12

SEM creates a 3-D image while TEM shows thinly sliced sections.

Question 13

What is the typical structure size of animal cells? What about their nuclei?

Answer 13

10-100 microns. 5-50 microns.

Question 14

What is the typical width of a mitochondria?

Answer 14

0.5-1 microns.

Question 15

What is the typical width of a cell membrane?

Answer 15

7 nm.

Question 16

What are the limits of resolution for the human eye? What about light microscopy and electron microscopy?

Answer 16

0.2 mm. 0.2 microns. 0.2 nm.

Question 17

What is ‘d’ in Abbe’s equation?

Answer 17

The distance between resolvable objects.

Question 18

How do you decrease d in order to increase resolution?

Answer 18

Make the wavelength smaller.

Question 19

Which of the four tissue types has the most ECM? Which two have the least? What’s in the middle?

Answer 19

Connective. Nerve and epithelium. Muscle.

Question 20

What are epithelium’s cardinal features?

Answer 20

Tightly packed cells with low ECM. Intercellular junctions. Apical basal polarity. Rests on basal lamina.

Question 21

What junctions are found in the junctional complex? List from apical to basal.

Answer 21

Tight, adherence, desmosome, gap, and hemidesmosome.

Question 22

What is the typical width of a microfilament? Microtubule?

Answer 22

6 nm. 20-25 nm.

Question 23

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

Answer 23

Exocrine is connected to a duct.

Question 24

What is the difference between simple and compound ducts?

Answer 24

The ducts of simple glands are not branched.

Question 25

What is the difference between tubular and alveolar/acinar glands?

Answer 25

Tubular are oval-shaped, acinar are spherical.

Question 26

What are CT's resident cells?

Answer 26

Fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, stem cells.

Question 27

What is the function of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

Answer 27

Reduces fluidity of the membrane.

Question 28

What does osmium tetroxide stain on the cell membrane? What does this create?

Answer 28

Stains phospholipid heads. Creates trilaminar structure.

Question 29

What is freeze fracture?

Answer 29

Process of splitting a membrane at hydrophobic tails into inner and outer leaflet.

Question 30

What are the faces exposed in a freeze fracture? Which one has more proteins?

Answer 30

E face (outer) and P face (inner). P face.

Question 31

This type of endocytosis brings in large molecules.

Answer 31

Phagocytosis.

Question 32

This type of pinocytosis involves clathrin.

Answer 32

Receptor mediated.

Question 33

What are lysosomes made by?

Answer 33

Golgi.

Question 34

What are the ER functions?

Answer 34

Protein synthesis, transport, detox, and calcium storage.

Question 35

What is the process called when an SRP bings to a signal peptide on a free ribosome?

Answer 35

Docking of the ribosome.

Question 36

Is the cis side of the golgi farther or closer to the ER?

Answer 36

Closer.

Question 37

What do the nuclear lamins make up? What are they composed of?

Answer 37

Nuclear lamina. Intermediate filaments.