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Bio 101- Exam 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How many electrons are in the first ring of an atom?

A

2

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2
Q

How many electrons are in the second and third ring of an atom?

A

8

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3
Q

Nitrogen has a higher electronegativity than Hydrogen. Would ammonia be more likely to mix with water or vegetable oil? Why?

A

Water, Ammonia is polar=loves water

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4
Q

An isotope has the same amount of Protons and Electrons. True or False

A

True

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5
Q

Protons in an isotope don’t change. O16, O17, O18 have same amount of protons. Atomic # = Protons. True or False

A

True

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6
Q

The products of dehydration synthesis are expected to be ________ compared to reactants.

A

Larger- dehydration synthesis is when a water molecule is added

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7
Q

A positively charged ion is formed from an atom which has an extra electron it needs to give up. True or False

A

True

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8
Q

Monomers for carbohydrates are called

A

Monosaccharides

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9
Q

Which level of protein structure involves repeating structures which are held together by hydrogen bonds?

A

Secondary Structure- Phone cord or pleated paper example

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10
Q

Define Saturated fatty acid

A

Bonded to maximum # of hydrogen atoms. Has no double bonds between carbon atoms. Solid at room temperature

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11
Q

Define unsaturated fatty acid

A

Have double covalent bonds between carbon atoms. Liquid at room temp

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12
Q

Trans Fats- please define

A

Semi solid - relatively straight hydro carbon chains pack together. Start soft and then get hard through chemical rxn

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13
Q

What does a cell use monomers of nucleic acid for?

A

Energy

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14
Q

What does a cell use polymers of nucleic acid for (DNA)?

A

information storage

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15
Q

How many elements are essential to life on this planet?

A

25

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16
Q

What is biology?

A

The study of life

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17
Q

What is science?

A

A systematic method of inquiry.

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18
Q

Science is performed through the scientific ____________?

A

method of inquiry

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19
Q

Name the steps of the scientific method.

A

Observation, Hypothesis, Prediction, Test

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20
Q

All organization in life can be seen in the ____.

A

Cell

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21
Q

Bacteria are ____- cellular.

A

Uni

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22
Q

Organisms made of many different, specialized cells are what?

A

Multicellular

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23
Q

What characteristics must a live organism have?

A

Order, Homeostasis, Growth, Energy Processing, Sensitivity to Stimuli, Repdocution, Adaptation

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24
Q

Plants get energy from_________ Humans get energy from___________

A

Photosynthesis, Food

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25
Q

Systematics of Taxonomy is….

A

the way scientists organize the diversity of life

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26
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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27
Q

What two types of cells are all life forms made of?

A

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

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28
Q

Define eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic- larger and more complex. Prokaryotic- small simple cells

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29
Q

Of the three domains of life which are prokaryotic?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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30
Q

Which domain of life is found in extreme situations? High temperature or salinity?

A

Archaea

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31
Q

What is the term coined for organisms that live in high temperature or high salinity situations?

A

Extremophiles

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32
Q

Eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells because they have many different chambers or __________.

A

Organelles

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33
Q

Protists are the simplest ____________

A

Eukaryotes

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34
Q

What are examples of a protist?

A

Amoeba and Paramecia

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35
Q

What are examples of multicellular protist?

A

Algae or giant kelp

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36
Q

Multicellular eukaryotic organisms with cell walls made of cellulose are ___________. They possess the ability to ______.

A

Plants, photosynthesize

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37
Q

What are 4 types of plants?

A

mosses, ferns, angiosperms, gymnosperms

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38
Q

Mosses

A

lack vascular tissue

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39
Q

ferns

A

have vascular tissue, cannot make seeds

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40
Q

gymnosperms

A

make seeds but have no fruit

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41
Q

angiosperms

A

produce fruit and flowers

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42
Q

Seaweed is fully digestible because it is a ___________ and does not have cell _______________

A

Protist/walls

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43
Q

What is the term for the ability to harvest sunlight and store that energy in the form of chemical energy

A

Autotrophs photosynthesize

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44
Q

Are fungi eukaryotes or prokaryotes

A

eukaryotes

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45
Q

What are fungi unable to do?

A

photosynthesize

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46
Q

What are fungal cell walls made of?

A

chitin

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47
Q

The body of a fungus is made of

A

hyphae

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48
Q

Describe hyphae

A

threadlike connection of cells

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49
Q

What is the network in a fungus called?

A

The mycelium

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50
Q

Sponges lack what?

A

Tissue structure

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51
Q

Describe cnidarians

A

tissues, radial symmetry - jellyfish, corals, anemones

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52
Q

Platyhelminthes includes what type of animal? What is special about this animal?

A

Flatworms. Composed of multiple types of tissues, having distinct shapes and defined boundaries.

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53
Q

Protostomes

A

the first opening of the embryo develops into the mouth

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54
Q

Deuterostomes

A

the first opening of the embryo develops into the anus

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55
Q

Name some protostomes

A

mollusca, annelida, arthropoda

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56
Q

Name some Deuterostomes

A

echinodermata and chordata

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57
Q

Molusca

A

Soft bodied animals protected by a hard shell

58
Q

Name some Molusca

A

snails, slugs, octupuses, and squids

59
Q

3 major types of mollusca

A

gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods

60
Q

Gastropods- define

A

one foot

61
Q

bivalve- define

A

protected by shells divided into two halves

62
Q

cephalopods- define

A

may or may not have shell

63
Q

annelida define

A

worms with body segmentation

64
Q

3 main classes of annelids

A

earthworms, polycheates, leeches

65
Q

describe arthropods

A

jointed appendages

66
Q

name some arthropods

A

crustaceans, arachnids, insects

67
Q

what covers the body of an arthropod?

A

exoskeleton

68
Q

4 main groups of arthropods

A

arachnids, crustaceans, myriapods (milli and centipedes) , insects

69
Q

describe echinoderms

A

spiny surfaces

70
Q

name some echinoderms

A

sea stars, sand dollars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers

71
Q

Describe chordata

A

have skull and backbone

72
Q

Jawless, Cartilaginous, Bony vertebrates

A

Fish

73
Q

Live on land and in water

A

amphibians

74
Q

Animals more adapted to land than amphibians

A

reptile

75
Q

Characteristics of reptiles

A

water proof skin, amniotic eggs, cold blooded (birds warm blooded)

76
Q

Characteristics of mammals

A

produce milk and have hair

77
Q

3 groups of mammals

A

Marsupials, monotremes(hatch from eggs), eutherians (developed fully at birth)

78
Q

define molecule

A

2 or more atoms linked together through covalent bonds

79
Q

Define Chemical compound

A

molecule with two or more different elements (eg. water)

80
Q

Define covalent bonds

A

sharing of electron pairs (strongest bond)

81
Q

Default state elements will be ________

A

neutral

82
Q

What does an atomic # tell us?

A

How many protons there are (from there we can deduce how many electrons are present)

83
Q

Define electronegativity

A

the strength of an atom’s pull on share electrons

84
Q

Atoms with _______electronegativity pull _____________on shared electrons than atoms with _________electronegativity

A

higher, harder, lower

85
Q

When the pull is uneven between atoms it is called a ________________ electrical charges.

A

Partial

86
Q

Uncharged molecules will not mix with charged molecules. T or F

A

True

87
Q

Do polar bears love water?

A

Yes

88
Q

Are neutral molecules hydrophobic/philic?

A

Hydrophobic

89
Q

Are polar/charged molecules hydrophobic/philic?

A

Hydrophilic

90
Q

How do we determine polarity?

A

Based on whether the bond is covalent

91
Q

Characteristics of non covalent bonds?

A

Link molecules, weaker than covalent, more abundant than covalent, based on electrical attraction

92
Q

Define hydrogen bonds

A

the attraction between the partial charges of 2 separate molecules or 2 parts of a large molecule

93
Q

Hydrogen bonds have polar or non polar bonds? Where do they form?

A

polar. between water molecules

94
Q

What happens to hydrogen bonds in liquid water? Gas? Ice?

A

In ice they separate/stretch, in liquid they form and break, in vapor they are moving so fast there is no bonding

95
Q

Define ionic bonds

A

fully charged particles, formed by transfer of electrons between full positive and negative charges

96
Q

List bonds in order strongest to weakest.

A

Covalent, ionic, hydrogen

97
Q

Why are ionic bonds stronger than hydrogen bonds?

A

Charge difference between particles is greater

98
Q

Give the word for a positive ion and a negative ion.

A

Cation, Anion

99
Q

Define a chemical reaction

A

When a covalent bond is broken and a new covalent bond is formed

100
Q

Are atoms created or destroyed during chem rxns?

A

no, only rearranged

101
Q

Define reactants

A

molecules that you have before the chem rxn takes place

102
Q

Define products

A

molecules you have after the chem rxn takes place

103
Q

Acids

A

Molecules that release H when dissolved in water

104
Q

Bases

A

Molecules that accept H from water or releases OH-

105
Q

Is soda below or above 7 on PH Scale?

A

below

106
Q

Is lye below or above 7 on PH scale?

A

Above

107
Q

Buffers

A

Weak acids or bases

108
Q

Name the monomer and polymer- Carbohydrates

A

mono saccharaides/polysaccharaides

109
Q

Simple sugars are

A

monosaccharides

110
Q

Define glucose

A

common energy for almost all cells

111
Q

Name 3 types of polysaccharides

A

glycogen, starch, cellulose

112
Q

Name the monomer and polymer for nucleic acids

A

nucleotide and DNA/RNA

113
Q

What 3 components make up nucleotides?

A

phosphate/sugar/nitrogens

114
Q

nucleic acid monomers store…..

A

energy

115
Q

nucleic acid polymers…..

A

store information

116
Q

4 different nitrogenous bases for each nucleic acid. T or F

A

True

117
Q

What store the information in nitrogenous bases?

A

the sequence

118
Q

Name difference between DNA and RNA

A

sugar in nucleotide, options of possible nitrogenous bases, DNA has double helix/RNA single, difference in roles during protein production

119
Q

Name monomer and polymer of proteins?

A

amino acids/polypeptide

120
Q

What differs for each amino acid?

A

R group

121
Q

Describe the structure of an amino acid.

A

central carbon atom, amino group, carboxyl group, R group

122
Q

Define peptide bonds

A

covalent bonds between 2 amino acids

123
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

when one water molecule is released and growth occurs

124
Q

Hydrolisys

A

one water molecule is acquired and molecule gets smaller

125
Q

Every chem rxn is controlled by a protein called an…..

A

enzyme

126
Q

What gives structural support to the cells of animals?

A

Proteins

127
Q

Who performs the action in a cell?

A

Proteins

128
Q

How can proteins perform so many different jobs?

A

shape.

129
Q

What impacts a proteins shape?

A

sequence and environment

130
Q

Describe the 4 protein structures

A
  1. primary- sequence
  2. secondary- repeating patterns held by hydrogen bonds
  3. tertiary- held by hydrophobic/philic interactions
  4. quaternary- multiple polypeptide chains
131
Q

Fatty acids make up______

A

lipids

132
Q

Define fatty acids

A

chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms

133
Q

Name the monomer and polymer for lipids

A

fatty acids/triglycerides or phospholipids

134
Q

Define saturated fats, unsaturated and trans

A

saturated-solid (bonded to max # of hydrogen atoms)
unsaturated-liquid (double bonds between carbon, less hydrogen
trans- liquid then solid due to chem rxn (cholesterol)

135
Q

Are fats and oils triglycerides?

A

Yes

136
Q

WHat are fats and oils?

A

triglycerides

137
Q

Define triglyceride

A

3 fatty acid chains plus glycerol

138
Q

Why are triglycerides important?

A

ENERGY

139
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

2 fatty acid chains +glycerol+phosphate (plasma)

140
Q

An example of fatty acids with ring structures?

A

Cholesterol

Bio 101- Exam 1 (1 decks)

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