Exam 1 Flashcards
Be ready for your first test
How many electrons are in the first ring of an atom?
2
How many electrons are in the second and third ring of an atom?
8
Nitrogen has a higher electronegativity than Hydrogen. Would ammonia be more likely to mix with water or vegetable oil? Why?
Water, Ammonia is polar=loves water
An isotope has the same amount of Protons and Electrons. True or False
True
Protons in an isotope don’t change. O16, O17, O18 have same amount of protons. Atomic # = Protons. True or False
True
The products of dehydration synthesis are expected to be ________ compared to reactants.
Larger- dehydration synthesis is when a water molecule is added
A positively charged ion is formed from an atom which has an extra electron it needs to give up. True or False
True
Monomers for carbohydrates are called
Monosaccharides
Which level of protein structure involves repeating structures which are held together by hydrogen bonds?
Secondary Structure- Phone cord or pleated paper example
Define Saturated fatty acid
Bonded to maximum # of hydrogen atoms. Has no double bonds between carbon atoms. Solid at room temperature
Define unsaturated fatty acid
Have double covalent bonds between carbon atoms. Liquid at room temp
Trans Fats- please define
Semi solid - relatively straight hydro carbon chains pack together. Start soft and then get hard through chemical rxn
What does a cell use monomers of nucleic acid for?
Energy
What does a cell use polymers of nucleic acid for (DNA)?
information storage
How many elements are essential to life on this planet?
25
What is biology?
The study of life
What is science?
A systematic method of inquiry.
Science is performed through the scientific ____________?
method of inquiry
Name the steps of the scientific method.
Observation, Hypothesis, Prediction, Test
All organization in life can be seen in the ____.
Cell
Bacteria are ____- cellular.
Uni
Organisms made of many different, specialized cells are what?
Multicellular
What characteristics must a live organism have?
Order, Homeostasis, Growth, Energy Processing, Sensitivity to Stimuli, Repdocution, Adaptation
Plants get energy from_________ Humans get energy from___________
Photosynthesis, Food
Systematics of Taxonomy is….
the way scientists organize the diversity of life
What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
What two types of cells are all life forms made of?
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic
Define eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic- larger and more complex. Prokaryotic- small simple cells
Of the three domains of life which are prokaryotic?
Bacteria and Archaea
Which domain of life is found in extreme situations? High temperature or salinity?
Archaea
What is the term coined for organisms that live in high temperature or high salinity situations?
Extremophiles
Eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells because they have many different chambers or __________.
Organelles
Protists are the simplest ____________
Eukaryotes
What are examples of a protist?
Amoeba and Paramecia
What are examples of multicellular protist?
Algae or giant kelp
Multicellular eukaryotic organisms with cell walls made of cellulose are ___________. They possess the ability to ______.
Plants, photosynthesize
What are 4 types of plants?
mosses, ferns, angiosperms, gymnosperms
Mosses
lack vascular tissue
ferns
have vascular tissue, cannot make seeds
gymnosperms
make seeds but have no fruit
angiosperms
produce fruit and flowers
Seaweed is fully digestible because it is a ___________ and does not have cell _______________
Protist/walls
What is the term for the ability to harvest sunlight and store that energy in the form of chemical energy
Autotrophs photosynthesize
Are fungi eukaryotes or prokaryotes
eukaryotes
What are fungi unable to do?
photosynthesize
What are fungal cell walls made of?
chitin
The body of a fungus is made of
hyphae
Describe hyphae
threadlike connection of cells
What is the network in a fungus called?
The mycelium
Sponges lack what?
Tissue structure
Describe cnidarians
tissues, radial symmetry - jellyfish, corals, anemones
Platyhelminthes includes what type of animal? What is special about this animal?
Flatworms. Composed of multiple types of tissues, having distinct shapes and defined boundaries.
Protostomes
the first opening of the embryo develops into the mouth
Deuterostomes
the first opening of the embryo develops into the anus
Name some protostomes
mollusca, annelida, arthropoda
Name some Deuterostomes
echinodermata and chordata
Molusca
Soft bodied animals protected by a hard shell
Name some Molusca
snails, slugs, octupuses, and squids
3 major types of mollusca
gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods
Gastropods- define
one foot
bivalve- define
protected by shells divided into two halves
cephalopods- define
may or may not have shell
annelida define
worms with body segmentation
3 main classes of annelids
earthworms, polycheates, leeches
describe arthropods
jointed appendages
name some arthropods
crustaceans, arachnids, insects
what covers the body of an arthropod?
exoskeleton
4 main groups of arthropods
arachnids, crustaceans, myriapods (milli and centipedes) , insects
describe echinoderms
spiny surfaces
name some echinoderms
sea stars, sand dollars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers
Describe chordata
have skull and backbone
Jawless, Cartilaginous, Bony vertebrates
Fish
Live on land and in water
amphibians
Animals more adapted to land than amphibians
reptile
Characteristics of reptiles
water proof skin, amniotic eggs, cold blooded (birds warm blooded)
Characteristics of mammals
produce milk and have hair
3 groups of mammals
Marsupials, monotremes(hatch from eggs), eutherians (developed fully at birth)
define molecule
2 or more atoms linked together through covalent bonds
Define Chemical compound
molecule with two or more different elements (eg. water)
Define covalent bonds
sharing of electron pairs (strongest bond)
Default state elements will be ________
neutral
What does an atomic # tell us?
How many protons there are (from there we can deduce how many electrons are present)
Define electronegativity
the strength of an atom’s pull on share electrons
Atoms with _______electronegativity pull _____________on shared electrons than atoms with _________electronegativity
higher, harder, lower
When the pull is uneven between atoms it is called a ________________ electrical charges.
Partial
Uncharged molecules will not mix with charged molecules. T or F
True
Do polar bears love water?
Yes
Are neutral molecules hydrophobic/philic?
Hydrophobic
Are polar/charged molecules hydrophobic/philic?
Hydrophilic
How do we determine polarity?
Based on whether the bond is covalent
Characteristics of non covalent bonds?
Link molecules, weaker than covalent, more abundant than covalent, based on electrical attraction
Define hydrogen bonds
the attraction between the partial charges of 2 separate molecules or 2 parts of a large molecule
Hydrogen bonds have polar or non polar bonds? Where do they form?
polar. between water molecules
What happens to hydrogen bonds in liquid water? Gas? Ice?
In ice they separate/stretch, in liquid they form and break, in vapor they are moving so fast there is no bonding
Define ionic bonds
fully charged particles, formed by transfer of electrons between full positive and negative charges
List bonds in order strongest to weakest.
Covalent, ionic, hydrogen
Why are ionic bonds stronger than hydrogen bonds?
Charge difference between particles is greater
Give the word for a positive ion and a negative ion.
Cation, Anion
Define a chemical reaction
When a covalent bond is broken and a new covalent bond is formed
Are atoms created or destroyed during chem rxns?
no, only rearranged
Define reactants
molecules that you have before the chem rxn takes place
Define products
molecules you have after the chem rxn takes place
Acids
Molecules that release H when dissolved in water
Bases
Molecules that accept H from water or releases OH-
Is soda below or above 7 on PH Scale?
below
Is lye below or above 7 on PH scale?
Above
Buffers
Weak acids or bases
Name the monomer and polymer- Carbohydrates
mono saccharaides/polysaccharaides
Simple sugars are
monosaccharides
Define glucose
common energy for almost all cells
Name 3 types of polysaccharides
glycogen, starch, cellulose
Name the monomer and polymer for nucleic acids
nucleotide and DNA/RNA
What 3 components make up nucleotides?
phosphate/sugar/nitrogens
nucleic acid monomers store…..
energy
nucleic acid polymers…..
store information
4 different nitrogenous bases for each nucleic acid. T or F
True
What store the information in nitrogenous bases?
the sequence
Name difference between DNA and RNA
sugar in nucleotide, options of possible nitrogenous bases, DNA has double helix/RNA single, difference in roles during protein production
Name monomer and polymer of proteins?
amino acids/polypeptide
What differs for each amino acid?
R group
Describe the structure of an amino acid.
central carbon atom, amino group, carboxyl group, R group
Define peptide bonds
covalent bonds between 2 amino acids
Dehydration synthesis
when one water molecule is released and growth occurs
Hydrolisys
one water molecule is acquired and molecule gets smaller
Every chem rxn is controlled by a protein called an…..
enzyme
What gives structural support to the cells of animals?
Proteins
Who performs the action in a cell?
Proteins
How can proteins perform so many different jobs?
shape.
What impacts a proteins shape?
sequence and environment
Describe the 4 protein structures
- primary- sequence
- secondary- repeating patterns held by hydrogen bonds
- tertiary- held by hydrophobic/philic interactions
- quaternary- multiple polypeptide chains
Fatty acids make up______
lipids
Define fatty acids
chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms
Name the monomer and polymer for lipids
fatty acids/triglycerides or phospholipids
Define saturated fats, unsaturated and trans
saturated-solid (bonded to max # of hydrogen atoms)
unsaturated-liquid (double bonds between carbon, less hydrogen
trans- liquid then solid due to chem rxn (cholesterol)
Are fats and oils triglycerides?
Yes
WHat are fats and oils?
triglycerides
Define triglyceride
3 fatty acid chains plus glycerol
Why are triglycerides important?
ENERGY
What are phospholipids?
2 fatty acid chains +glycerol+phosphate (plasma)
An example of fatty acids with ring structures?
Cholesterol
