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EKG > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

~At base of aorta

~Open during systole - blood flow from L ventricle to systemic circulation

A

Aortic valve

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2
Q

~Two small, thin-walled chambers of heart
~Low pressure
~Receive blood from systemic and pulmonary circulation
~Deliver blood to ventricles

A

Atria

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3
Q

~On floor of R atrium

~Delaying effect on electrical impulses

A

AV node

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4
Q

~Anterior interatrial band of internodal conduction tracts

~Transmits impulses to L atrium

A

Bachmann’s bundle

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5
Q

~Two cusp valve - separates L atrium from L ventricle
~Prevents backflow during systole
~Connected to papillary muscles via cordae tendinae

A

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

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6
Q

~Splitting ventricle septum
~Moves through R and L ventricles
~Transmits impulses to Purkinje fibers

A

Bundle branches

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7
Q

~Combines with AV node to make AV junction

~Speeds up impulses and delivers to bundle branches

A

Bundle of His

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8
Q

~Received from the veins

~Transported through R side of heart to lungs

A

Deoxygenated blood

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9
Q

~Innermost layer of the heart

A

Endocardium

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10
Q

~Outermost layer of the heart

A

Epicardium

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11
Q

~Anchors heart to mediastinum
~Attaches to diaphragm surface
~Continuous with CT of great vessels

A

Fibrous pericardium

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12
Q

~Vessels that provide blood supply to heart muscle

A

~Right coronary artery

~Left coronary artery

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13
Q

~Supplies oxygenated blood to anterior aspect of both ventricles
~1 major branch of LCA

A

Left anterior descending (LAD)

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14
Q

~Supplies oxygenated blood to lateral aspect of L ventricle and L atrium
~1 major branch of LCA

A

Left circumflex (LCX)

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15
Q

~Middle layer of heart

~Made of actual cardiac muscle tissue

A

Myocardium

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16
Q

~Returns to L side of heart from lungs

~Pumped through systemic circulation

A

Oxygenated blood

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17
Q

~Releases acetylcholine
~Decreases all 4 properties of cardiac muscle cells
~Through vagus nerve
~AKA Cholinergic

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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18
Q

~Surrounds the heart and protects it

~Double-walled closed sac

A

Pericardium

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19
Q

~At base of pulmonary artery

~Open during systole - blood flow from R ventricle to pulmonary circulation

A

Pulmonic valve

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20
Q

~Thin filaments embedded in endocardium

~Conduct impulses rapidly through ventricular muscle - assist in depo and contraction

A

Purkinje fibers

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21
Q

~2 major branches of RCA

~Supply oxygenated blood to inferior aspect of both ventricles

A

~Marginal branch

~Posterior interventricular branch (PIV)

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22
Q

~In superior aspect of R atrium

~Natural pacemaker that initiates electrical impulse

A

SA node

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23
Q

~Rate of SA node

A

60-100 bpm

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24
Q

~Transparent, delicate, thin inner layer of pericardium

A

Serous pericardium

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25
Q

~Outer layer that lines fibrous pericardium

A

Parietal pericardium

26
Q

~Inner layer that covers cardiac muscle tissue

A

Visceral pericardium

27
Q

~Nerves of thoracic and lumbar
~Stimulators: epinephrine and norepinephrine
~Produces vasodilation
~AKA Adrenergic

A

Sympathetic nervous system

28
Q

~Three cusps
~Separates R atrium and R ventricle
~Connected to papillary muscles via chordae tendinae

A

Tricuspid valve

29
Q

~2 larger, thick-walled (muscular) chambers of heart
~Pump blood through pulmonary and systemic circulations
~Separated by a septum

A

Ventricles

30
Q

~Useful diagram to correlate cardiac electrical cycle and events that take place during cycle

A

Wiggers diagram

31
Q

~Only used when HR is regular

~Most accurate way to calculate HR from ECG

A

1500 method: find 2 consecutive R waves, count number of small boxes between, divide 1500 by number = bpm

32
Q

~Used when HR intervals are regular or irregular

A

6 second method: determine 6-sec period, count number of cycles, multiply by 10

33
Q

~Used to fill ventricles with blood before ventricular systole
~Increases end diastolic volume

A

Atrial kick

34
Q

~Determines direction of ventricular depo

~Axis used to determine flow of atrial depo

A

Axis deviation

35
Q

~Only used when HR is regular

A

Dark line method: find one R wave on dark line, find next R wave, determine HR range

36
Q

~Associated HRs for dark lines

A

300, 150, 100, 75, 60, 50, 44, 38…

37
Q

~Triangle that forms leads I, II, III

~Shows movement of electricity from - to + poles

A

Einthoven’s triangle

38
Q

~Leads I, II, III are called…

A

Bipolar limb leads

39
Q

~Records the electrical potentials (depo and repo) via electrodes placed on the chest wall

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

40
Q

~Diagram showing relationship of 6 limb leads in frontal plane
~Determines heart’s electrical axis

A

Hexaxial reference system

41
Q

~R wave + in lead I, - in aVf

A

Left axis deviation (LAD)

42
Q

~Direction of ventricular depo

~Calculated by using hexaxial reference system and limb leads

A

Mean QRS axis (vector)

43
Q

~Measured from beginning of P wave to beginning of QRS complex
~Time for impulse to move from SA node to AV node and through Purkinje fibers
~Beginning of atrial depo to beginning of ventricular depo

A

PR interval

44
Q

~Produced using horizontal plane
~Produce chest leads
~Directly measure heart’s activity

A

Precordial leads

45
Q

~What are the precordial leads?

A

V1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

46
Q

~Generated by atrial depo

~Represents conduction of electrical activity from SA node to AV node

A

P wave

47
Q

~Generated by ventricular depo

~Represents conduction of electrical activity through L ventricle

A

QRS complex

48
Q

~Time between start of QRS complex and end of T wave

A

QT interval

49
Q

~R wave - in lead I, + in aVf

A

Right axis deviation (RAD)

50
Q

~Period between end of S wave and start of T wave
~No electrical activity occurring
~Correlates with early systole and high ventricular systolic pressures

A

ST segment

51
Q

~Evidence of potential CAD or old myocardial injury (possible myocardial ischemia)
~Electrical signal is moving slower through myocardium

A

ST segment depression

52
Q

~Evidence of recent or impending myocardial infarction

~Myocardium not receiving blood to supply oxygen and other nutrients

A

ST segment elevation

53
Q

~Ventricular repo

~End of ventricular systole

A

T wave

54
Q

~Time from end of QRS complex to peak height of T wave

A

Absolute refractory period

55
Q

~Time from peak height of T wave to end of T wave

A

Relative refractory period

56
Q

~Rarely seen in normal ECG

~If seen, represents last stages of ventricular repo

A

U wave

57
Q

~Developed from a combination of leads

~Movement of electricity from one limb leads towards the other two

A

Augmented vector leads (unipolar limb leads)

58
Q

~Measured from LL -> RA and LA

A

aVf

59
Q

~Measured from RA -> LA, LL

A

aVr

60
Q

~Measured from LA -> RA, LL

A

aVl

EKG (1 decks)

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