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CHEM 111 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

chemistry

A

the study of matter and its interactions with other matter and with energy

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2
Q

scientific method

A

investigations that are guided by theory and earlier experiments

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3
Q

hypothesis

A

a possible explanation for an event

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4
Q

law

A

a statement that summarizes a large number of observations

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5
Q

theory

A

an explanation of the laws of nature

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6
Q

matter

A

anything that has mass and occupies space

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7
Q

mass

A

the quantity of matter in an object

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8
Q

weight

A

the force of attraction between an object and other objects

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9
Q

property

A

anything observed or measured about a sample of matter

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10
Q

extensive property

A

depends on the size of the sample

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11
Q

intensive property

A

independent of sample size

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12
Q

physical properties

A

can be measured without changing the composition of the sample

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13
Q

physical change

A

a change that occurs without changing the composition of the material

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14
Q

chemical properties

A

describe the reactivity of a material

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15
Q

chemical change

A

at least part of the material is changed into a different kind of matter

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16
Q

substance

A

a material that is chemically the same throughout

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17
Q

elements

A

cannot be broken into simpler substances, composed entirely of one type of atom

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18
Q

compounds

A

can be broken down into elements, contains atoms of two or more different elements

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19
Q

mixture

A

matter that can be separated into simpler materials by physical methods

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20
Q

heterogeneous mixtures

A

the composition of the mixture changes from one part to another

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21
Q

homogeneous mixtures

A

the composition of the mixture is uniform throughout

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22
Q

alloys

A

solutions of a metal and another material (usually another metal)

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23
Q

accuracy

A

the agreement of a set of measurements with the true value

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24
Q

precision

A

the agreement among repeated measurements of the same quantity

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25
Q

atom

A

the smallest unit of an element that have all the properties of that element

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26
Q

law of constant composition

A

all samples of a pure substance contain the same elements in the same proportion by mass

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27
Q

law of multiple proportions

A

when the same elements form more than one compound, the mass of one element that combines with a fixed mass of a second element are in a ratio of small whole numbers

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28
Q

law of conservation of mass

A

there is no detectable change in mass when a chemical reaction occurs

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29
Q

what are the three subatomic particles

A
  1. electrons
  2. protons
  3. neutrons
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30
Q

who and how were electrons found to be negatively charged

A

J. J. Thomson demonstrated that electrons were negatively charged by subjecting them to a magnetic or an electric field

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31
Q

who and how were electrons found to have a charge of -1.602e-19 coulombs

A

Robert A. Millikan performed the oil drop experiment

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32
Q

atomic number (Z)

A

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom and determines how the periodic table is ordered

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33
Q

mass number (A)

A

the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

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34
Q

isotopes

A

atoms of an element whose nuclei contain different numbers of neutrons (same Z, different A)

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35
Q

cation

A

more protons than electrons
has a positive charge
forms when an atom LOSES one or more electrons

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36
Q

anion

A

more electrons than protons
has a negative charge
forms when an atom GAINS one or more electrons

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37
Q

atomic mass unit (u)

A

1/12 the mass of one Carbon-12 atom

1 u = 1.66e-27 kg

38
Q

what percentage of elements occur in nature as mixtures of isotopes

A

75%

39
Q

period

A

a horizontal row

40
Q

group (family)

A

a vertical column containing chemically similar elements

41
Q

atomic mass is the natural abundance of the element

A

true

42
Q

metalloid

A

an element that has properties of both metals and nonmetals

43
Q

representative elements

A

the elements in the A groups

44
Q

transition metals

A

the elements in the B groups

45
Q

inner transition metals

A

the two rows of metals at the bottom of the periodic table

46
Q

alkali metals

A

soft, reactive metals in group 1A (1)

47
Q

alkaline earth metals

A

elements in group 2A (2)

48
Q

halogens

A

reactive nonmetals in group 7A (17), also known as salt formers

49
Q

noble gases

A

the stable, largely inert gases in group 8A (18)

50
Q

molecule

A

a combination of atoms joined so strongly that they behave as a single particle

51
Q

diatomic molecule

A

the simplest molecule, only contain two atoms

52
Q

molecular compound

A

when two or more elements form a molecule, typically form from nonmetals

53
Q

molecular formula

A

gives the number of every type of atom in the molecule

54
Q

structural formula

A

shows how the atoms are connected in the molecule

55
Q

molecular mass

A

the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms present in the molecular formula

56
Q

ionic compound

A

composed of cations and anions forming a neutral species

generally form from the combination of metals with nonmetals

57
Q

empirical formula

A

the formula of an ionic compound that uses the smallest whole number subscripts to express the relative numbers of ions

58
Q

polyatomic ion

A

a group of atoms with a net charge that behaves as a single particle

59
Q

what is the most common polyatomic cation

A

ammonium ion (NH4,+)

60
Q

acid

A

a compound that produces hydrogen cations when dissolved in water

61
Q

hydrocarbon

A

organic compounds that contain only the elements hydrogen and carbon

62
Q

electrolyte

A

a substance that forms ions in water solution

63
Q

nonelectrolyte

A

water and compounds that dissolve in water as neutral molecules, they do not conduct electrical current

64
Q

reactants

A

the substances consumed

65
Q

products

A

the substances formed

66
Q

coefficients

A

numbers before the formula of a substance in an equation

67
Q

neutralization

A

the reaction of an acid with a base to form a salt and water

68
Q

salt

A

an ionic compound consisting of the cation of a base and the anion of an acid

69
Q

combustion reaction

A

the process of burning, most combustion reactions are the combination of a substance with oxygen

70
Q

oxidation-reduction reaction

A

a reaction in which electrons are transferred from one species to another

71
Q

oxidation

A

the loss of electrons by a substance in a reaction

72
Q

reduction

A

the gain of electrons by a substance in a reaction

73
Q

avogadro’s number

A

6.022e23

74
Q

molar mass (M)

A

the mass (in grams) of one mole of a substance (g/mol)

75
Q

stoichiometry

A

the study of the quantitative relationships involving the substances in chemical reactions

76
Q

limiting reactant

A

the reactant that is completely consumed when a chemical reaction occurs

77
Q

theoretical yield

A

the maximum quantity of product that can be obtained from a chemical reaction, based on the amounts of the starting materials

78
Q

actual yield

A

mass of product isolated in a reaction

79
Q

solvent

A

compound that has the same physical state as the solution, frequently a liquid

80
Q

solute

A

substance being dissolved

81
Q

aqueous solution

A

water is the solvent

82
Q

strong electrolyte

A

compound that separates completely into ions in water

83
Q

weak electrolyte

A

molecule that only partially ionizes when dissolved in water

84
Q

ionization

A

the separation of a molecular compound into individual cations and anions when dissolved in water

85
Q

precipitation reaction

A

involves the formation of an insoluble (solid) product or products from the reaction of soluble reactants

86
Q

complete ionic equation

A

shows all strong electrolytes as ions in solution

87
Q

net ionic equation

A

shows only those species in the solution that actually undergo a chemical change

88
Q

molarity (M)

A

the number of moles of solute in one liter of solution

89
Q

equivalence point

A

the point (volume) in a titration where stoichiometrically equivalent amounts of the two reactants have been added

90
Q

indicator

A

a compound that changes color as a solution changes between acidic and basic

CHEM 111 (4 decks)

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