Exam 1 Flashcards
Who argued that when one joins a social contract one reserves the right of revolution if the government’s actions become repressive and you have attempted to redress grievances
Locke
Locke argued that we join into society only out of fear of death
False
For which of the following was life in the state of nature “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short”?
Thomas Hobbes
For Thomas Hobbes, life without government was
characterized by animal like conflict in which no one was truly safe
For Thomas Hobbes, government was necessary for ____________ whereas for John Locke, government _______________________.
survival; preserved order by protecting property
The earliest function of government according to Hobbes and Locke was
guaranteeing the safety of life and property
The most extreme social contract theorists (giving the least power to the people) was John Locke
False
All of the following are consistent with John Locke’s views EXCEPT
the only way to ensure people’s safety is to have an all powerful ruler
Rousseau argued that there were two types of lies- a de facto lie and a(n)
de jure
Rousseau argued that women are the bane of male authority and should never attempt to guide men in any form
False
Rousseau argued that in the state of nature man was independent and happy
True
Machiavelli argued that man had a natural desire for
acquiring
For Hobbes the _____________ were driven to form government for survival; while for Locke the _________ formed government to protect their property.
weak, strong
Socrates argued that the best type of government was a mixed and fluid one which allows for change.
False
Locke argued that the best form of government was
any as long as everyone votes for it
The Ring of Geyges is a mythological ring that makes its bearer invincible.
False
Which of the following theorists argued that democracy was the only legitimate form of government
Rousseau
The social contract theorist who believed that the contract must be renewed daily and at each vote was
Rousseau
The philosopher who believed that human nature was inherently good was
Rousseau
The system wherein citizens come together to discuss and pass laws is called a
direct democracy
The political system where those who have governmental authority get and retain authority directly or indirectly as a result of winning free elections is called
representative democracy
Socrates argued that man was by nature a political animal and needed to participate
False
Socrates argued that censorship of ______________ was of particular importance because it lead to false emotions
Music
Which of the following philosophers argued for direct rather than or representative democracy?
Jean Jacques Rousseau
In most democracies it is necessary for decisions to be made by representatives rather than by citizens themselves because
it is difficult to bring together large numbers of citizens for discussions and votes
In order for one’s soul to be balanced _________ must rule
reason
Cephalus’ definition of justice was
giving back what is owed
If you are going to war, Machiavelli would argue for you to use
your own men, they are less destructive
Rousseau argued that man’s troubles began when he discovered he had desires
False
Machiavelli argued that you should rule out of
Fear
Machiavelli argued that letting people vote was a good idea because while you could fool people in particulars you could not fool them in generalities
False
Hobbes’ view on life was very dim.
True
Machiavelli argued that Fate is like a woman because it
is fickle
Rousseau argued that there were two avenues needed to return men to independence and happiness one was through the power of love; the other
educating them to independent thought
Machiavelli argued that one should look like the lion but be the fox; which meant
one should appear brave and loyal but in the end do what needs to be done
The moderns set a new and higher standard for government and the purpose of human existence.
False
Aristotle argued that man had a natural desire to acquire which meant that we are never satisfied
False
Aristotle argued that complete censorship by government was not possible to bring man to virtue or perfection because
it would not allow for people to make the choices to lead a virtuous life.
Because there is only one goal for the ancients those closest to the goal had an obligation to guide others toward perfection
True
A Telos is a goal, the goal of the moderns was human perfection
False
The rule of one is called a(n)
monarchy
Because they are not oppressive written laws that don’t change are better than those that do change.
False
According to Aristotle in order for social customs to change
the people generate social change
All of the following are true of unwritten laws EXCEPT
when they change we do not obey them
We obey these laws because they are never questioned
written laws that don’t change
Aristotle argued we must have a mixed government because
we all want to share our opinions
A mixed government must have at least two of the three types of government Monarchy, Aristocracy or Democracy.
False
In order to increase man’s inherent morality Aristotle argued for the separation of powers.
False
Whose definition of justice left no room for moral interpretation?
Cephalus
It was impossible to be just under Thrasymachus’ definition of justice because you cannot know who your friends and enemies are all of the time.
False
Justice is the advantage of the stronger means that like Hobbes argued, the strong must rule in society to create order and security for society.
False
If the law determines justice then the fear is that the people in power can make the laws
Both to help themselves & to harm the people
You must do what is right and let reason rule your desire because
you will punish yourself
The city reflects the soul for Socrates so the rules should be the
academics
Machiavelli argued no one is every happy and will never be content with a monarchy because we all have a natural desire for possessions.
False
Fortune favors the young because they can take more risks as they are increasing in their responsibility.
False
Machiavelli argued fortune favored
the young because they have less responsibility
Ruling with fear for Machiavelli allowed one to control
All of the above:
a. when you were feared
b. how much you were feared
c. if you were feared
d. where you were feared
Rousseau argued that because the moderns had decreased man’s potential to reach their goals we needed to return to a less demanding state.
False
In order to create independent thinkers Rousseau argued you must do all of the following except
All of the above are required:
a. do the experiment yourself
b. know that knowledge has value to you
c. learn to use all your senses
d. challenge everything
Machiavelli argued when you punish you need to make punishment all of the following except
bloody
Locke argued man is not as evil as Hobbes stated because of the two laws of nature. These laws show man’s natural morality to each other keeps them from killing each other off to the very last one.
False
Locke argued that all species have a natural desire to
continue the species
Adeimantus as a hedonist wanted his reward now. This led him to the belief that denied the existence of an afterlife.
False
An example of Locke’s permanent revolution would be
the US revolution from England
The drinking age would be an example of Aristotle’s highest type of law.
False
Murder would be an example of Aristotle’s lowest type of law.
False
The expansion of suffrage to include women and minorities would be an example of Socrates’ fluid government which expanded to allow for change.
False
Rousseau was concerned that if people joined government out of self-interest they would have no reason to sacrifice for each other and would be unable to form a community.
True
A community, according to Rousseau, could be formed through complete independence and a return to man’s natural state.
False
According to Hobbesian ideas one can look to any society to see what it values by
by looking to see what laws have the harshest punishments
The United States most reflects whose ideas about government
Locke
Socrates argued that the following should be censored in society in order to guide people to perfection
All of the above:
a. books
b. architecture
c. the family
d. the gods
Because the development of preferences are what fractured man’s soul Rousseau argued that to be happy again man needed a soulmate that preferred him to all others.
True
Because of his desire for independence and happiness Rousseau was the first philosopher of note to argue that women should be educated equally to men and that they should be allowed to choose their own spouses for love.
True
Aristotle argued that while repetition could create habits it allowed for true virtue unlike censorship because you can change habits.
False
You are attacked while jogging in the park, which theorist argues that you have the right to defend yourself by killing your attacker if necessary?
Locke
Locke argues that in the state of nature man is not as violent as Hobbes argues because:
we want to continue the species
Your mother asking you if you brushed your teeth every morning and every evening for at least a dozen years is an example of whose teaching?
Aristotle
When you choose a side in the war Machiavelli would argue that you need to befriend a democracy because they are quicker to help their friends even at their own expense.
False
Locke would argue that the only reason we slow down when we see a policeman is to avoid punishment.
False
A Hobbesian King is responsible for
Only defending the people from foreign threats & defending the people from internal strife
Machiavelli argued that in a war you should
join the war in order to avoid having no allies at the end of the conflict
The boy who could be king was:
Glaucon
The purpose of government for the ancients was to
guide man to perfection
Aristotle, who argued man must face temptation to be virtuous, also argued that it is necessary to educate the people to virtue and particularly females.
False
The Hobbesian King must restrain his absolute rights of freedom in enforcing the laws of the society as he has no power to break the law.
False
Who wanted Socrates to explain why one should be just even if there were no eternal reward and one could have the image of a just man while being completely unjust
Both Glaucon & Adeimantus
Who argued that justice was the advantage of the stronger
Thrasymachus
Cephalus represented the new age of thought among men
False
The ideal society in Socrates vision called for complete censorship in order to lead men to virtue
True
Censorship of books was of primary concern to Socrates
False
The largest part of the soul according to the ancients was
desires
The speed limit law, according to the hierarchy of Aristotle would be one of the highest types of law
False
The moderns argue that to have a disordered soul (to allow your desires to rule you) leads on to inner conflict and discontent
False
The theorist who changed all history by destroying the ancient belief in a telos was
Machiavelli
