exam 1 Flashcards by Farren Ann

best binder for drugs

molasses

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how to administer oral meds in horses

60cc syringe directly into mouth using a binder facing back of mouth

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gap space between teeth

diastema

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advantages for needle facing heart

drives into neck if they are jumpy

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disadvantages of needle facing the heart

more prone to clostridial infections

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IV needle size in horses

18G 1.5inch needle

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why is the needle always 1 and a half inches in horse IV

to make sure it is well seeded into the vessel

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advantages of needle facing head

easier placement for the human – biggest disadvanage is if the horse moves

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biggest issue with perivascular injections

laryngeal hemiplegia and the horse could become a roarer

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where to inject in horse neck

middle to upper 1/3 of the neck

making sure to avoid the carotid

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how can you tell if you hit the carotid or the jugular

carotid will spew out all the blood

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needle size for IM injections

no smaller than 21G 1.5inch needle

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what is the max amount that can be injected in the neck of a horse

10-15cc max per site

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most common clinical condition and cause of death in ICU horses

endotoxemia

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criteria to dx SIRS

need at least 2 of these:
leukopenia or >10% bands 
hyper/hypothermia 
tachycardia/tachypnea 
evidence of sepsis in foals

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what part of gram - bacteria accounts for the endotoxemia

LPS layer

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accounts for the serological difference among bacterial species

polysaccharide O - polar region

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responsible for the toxic effect of LPS

lipid A region

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hepatic macrophages that are scavengers of endotoxin

kupffer cells

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T/F

bloat is a major sign of colic

true

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if you have a horse that you treat with banamine and they are not showing clinical signs of pain, but are refluxing?

enteritis

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neorickettsia ristcii disease that causes damage to GIT

potomac horse fever

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esophageal obstruction that causes GI and resp signs

choke

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major cause of reproductive colitis

retained placenta

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how many hours do you have before the retained placenta must be out before it is bad

2 hours -- treat with oxytocin

excessive conversion of glucose to fat

lipotoxicity -- can progress to insulin deficiency

T/F | bacteremia is registered by the adaptive immune response

FALSE -- innate | no memory is ever formed

LPS binds to ___

LBP

The LBP binds to ___ on the macrophages

CD14

TLR4 activates what pathways

MyD88 - pro inflam = horses only have this one!! | Trim and Tram - anti inflam

what does MyD88 release

TNF and IL-1 = proinflammatory

vasodilatory substances released by damaged endothelial cells

prostacyclin and no2

which is the initial stage in endotoxemia: | hyper or hypodynamic shock

hyperdynamic is initial stage - with pulmonary vasoconstriction hypodynamic shock is later and has vasodilation

LPS induce ___ which results in deactivation of mononuclear phagocyte and inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines in the recovery stage

IL10

what does petechial hemorrhage in endotoxemia indicate

all clotting factors are gone

how does flagellin induce pro-inflammatory response to neutrophils

TLR5 -- more aggressive cascade

T/F | flagellin activates monocytes and neutrophils in the TLR5 response

false -- not monocytes because their expression is too low

what will be seen on an arterial blood gas analysis for endotoxemia

hypoxemia and metabolic acidosis

first thing to do when treating endotoxemia

circulatory support CVS -- give a balanced polyionic solution (LRS or normosol) severe patient -- 10-20 ml/kg/hr treatment should always begin with aggressive supportive care

nsaid for endotoxemia that prevents increase in both TXA2 and PGI2

flunixin meglumine

LPS neutralizing agent

polymixin B - cationic polypeptide that interacts directly with Lipid A

why should you make sure the horse is hydrated well before giving polymixin B

it can cause renal toxicity

decreases the expression of IL6, TNFa, and inflammatory proteins

dimethyl sulfoxide

endotoxemia vaccine>

s. typhimurium mutant -- little benefit

inflammation of the lamella of the inner hoof capsule

laminitis -- causes pain

post vasoconstriction phase when the blood circulation returns after a hypoxic event

reperfusion injury

how do horses hold their weight

60% front legs | 40% back legs

hoof wall should be ___mm

18mm

grade of laminitis where the horse shifts weight but can move relatively freely

grade 1

grade of laminitis where the the horse has a shuffle or stilted gait especially when turning

grade 2

grade of laminitis where the horse is reluctant to move and resists lifting its foot

grade 3

grade of laminitis where the horse is immobile and recumbent

grade 4

laminitis treatments

CRYOTHERAPY - icing nsaids - bute, flux meg butophanol and lidocaine CRI - severe pain decrease DDF tendon tension?

calculate dehydration deficit

%dehydrated X BW

calculate maintenance

60ml/kg/day x BW

percent dehydration with decreased urine output

percent dehydration with decreased jugular refill time

10%

percent dehydration with decreased arterial BP

animal has obvious sunken eyes and shock

>12%

skin tent of 3-5 seconds

dry mucous membranes and CRT >4 seconds

10% dehydrated

2 types of long term catheters

polyurethane and silicone

T/F | the shorter the catheter the more thrombogenic

false - the longer the catheter

short term catheters should not exceed this many hours

two types of short term catheteres

teflon | polyethylene

normal STAT IV set up (4 things)

gravity flow 4 5L bags large bore coil system 8inches from base of heart -- for flow

L/hr in a 10g catheter

36.5

L/hr in a 12g catherter

26.9

what flow can a stat IV achieve

28L/hr

which catheter size is limited by the stat iv

10G because it can exceed the 28L/hr

in a free flow system, what determines the flow

height from horse/base of heart tube sizing -- radius length of system - longer system=slower flow viscosity of the flow

T/F | horses lungs are 2.5x the size of cows

true

best place to test skin tent

upper eye lids

goal is to fulfill fluid deficit in how long

1 hour

best method of fluid admin for impactions

PO - nasogastric tube - takes less than 30 min to get to stomach

shock dose horse

60-90mL/kg/hr

max safe fluid amount to give a horse

1 blood volume in an hour

#1 alkalinzing solution

LRS

indicated for emergency resuscitation in hypovolemia --rapid increase in CO and decrease in TPR/afterload

hypertonic saline

laminitis is rare in foals but ___ causes similar symptoms

salmonellosis

Fit racehorse VO2max

= 160mL/kg/min

slow twitch oxidative fibers

type 1

for slow repetitive movement, “stance muscles”

type 1

forelimb muscles are mostly type