Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

large animal med > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

best binder for drugs

A

molasses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how to administer oral meds in horses

A

60cc syringe directly into mouth using a binder facing back of mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

gap space between teeth

A

diastema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

advantages for needle facing heart

A

drives into neck if they are jumpy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

disadvantages of needle facing the heart

A

more prone to clostridial infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

IV needle size in horses

A

18G 1.5inch needle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why is the needle always 1 and a half inches in horse IV

A

to make sure it is well seeded into the vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

advantages of needle facing head

A

easier placement for the human – biggest disadvanage is if the horse moves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

biggest issue with perivascular injections

A

laryngeal hemiplegia and the horse could become a roarer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where to inject in horse neck

A

middle to upper 1/3 of the neck

making sure to avoid the carotid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how can you tell if you hit the carotid or the jugular

A

carotid will spew out all the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

needle size for IM injections

A

no smaller than 21G 1.5inch needle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the max amount that can be injected in the neck of a horse

A

10-15cc max per site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

most common clinical condition and cause of death in ICU horses

A

endotoxemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

criteria to dx SIRS

A 
need at least 2 of these:
leukopenia or >10% bands 
hyper/hypothermia 
tachycardia/tachypnea 
evidence of sepsis in foals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what part of gram - bacteria accounts for the endotoxemia

A

LPS layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

accounts for the serological difference among bacterial species

A

polysaccharide O - polar region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

responsible for the toxic effect of LPS

A

lipid A region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hepatic macrophages that are scavengers of endotoxin

A

kupffer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

T/F

bloat is a major sign of colic

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

if you have a horse that you treat with banamine and they are not showing clinical signs of pain, but are refluxing?

A

enteritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

neorickettsia ristcii disease that causes damage to GIT

A

potomac horse fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

esophageal obstruction that causes GI and resp signs

A

choke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

major cause of reproductive colitis

A

retained placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how many hours do you have before the retained placenta must be out before it is bad

A

2 hours – treat with oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

excessive conversion of glucose to fat

A

lipotoxicity – can progress to insulin deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

T/F

bacteremia is registered by the adaptive immune response

A

FALSE – innate

no memory is ever formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

LPS binds to ___

A

LBP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The LBP binds to ___ on the macrophages

A

CD14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

TLR4 activates what pathways

A

MyD88 - pro inflam = horses only have this one!!

Trim and Tram - anti inflam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what does MyD88 release

A

TNF and IL-1 = proinflammatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

vasodilatory substances released by damaged endothelial cells

A

prostacyclin and no2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

which is the initial stage in endotoxemia:

hyper or hypodynamic shock

A

hyperdynamic is initial stage - with pulmonary vasoconstriction

hypodynamic shock is later and has vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

LPS induce ___ which results in deactivation of mononuclear phagocyte and inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines in the recovery stage

A

IL10

35
Q

what does petechial hemorrhage in endotoxemia indicate

A

all clotting factors are gone

36
Q

how does flagellin induce pro-inflammatory response to neutrophils

A

TLR5 – more aggressive cascade

37
Q

T/F

flagellin activates monocytes and neutrophils in the TLR5 response

A

false – not monocytes because their expression is too low

38
Q

what will be seen on an arterial blood gas analysis for endotoxemia

A

hypoxemia and metabolic acidosis

39
Q

first thing to do when treating endotoxemia

A

circulatory support CVS – give a balanced polyionic solution (LRS or normosol)

severe patient – 10-20 ml/kg/hr

treatment should always begin with aggressive supportive care

40
Q

nsaid for endotoxemia that prevents increase in both TXA2 and PGI2

A

flunixin meglumine

41
Q

LPS neutralizing agent

A

polymixin B - cationic polypeptide that interacts directly with Lipid A

42
Q

why should you make sure the horse is hydrated well before giving polymixin B

A

it can cause renal toxicity

43
Q

decreases the expression of IL6, TNFa, and inflammatory proteins

A

dimethyl sulfoxide

44
Q

endotoxemia vaccine>

A

s. typhimurium mutant – little benefit

45
Q

inflammation of the lamella of the inner hoof capsule

A

laminitis – causes pain

46
Q

post vasoconstriction phase when the blood circulation returns after a hypoxic event

A

reperfusion injury

47
Q

how do horses hold their weight

A

60% front legs

40% back legs

48
Q

hoof wall should be ___mm

A

18mm

49
Q

grade of laminitis where the horse shifts weight but can move relatively freely

A

grade 1

50
Q

grade of laminitis where the the horse has a shuffle or stilted gait especially when turning

A

grade 2

51
Q

grade of laminitis where the horse is reluctant to move and resists lifting its foot

A

grade 3

52
Q

grade of laminitis where the horse is immobile and recumbent

A

grade 4

53
Q

laminitis treatments

A

CRYOTHERAPY - icing

nsaids - bute, flux meg
butophanol and lidocaine CRI - severe pain

decrease DDF tendon tension?

54
Q

calculate dehydration deficit

A

%dehydrated X BW

55
Q

calculate maintenance

A

60ml/kg/day x BW

56
Q

percent dehydration with decreased urine output

A

5%

57
Q

percent dehydration with decreased jugular refill time

A

10%

58
Q

percent dehydration with decreased arterial BP

A

8%

59
Q

animal has obvious sunken eyes and shock

A

> 12%

60
Q

skin tent of 3-5 seconds

A

8%

61
Q

dry mucous membranes and CRT >4 seconds

A

10% dehydrated

62
Q

2 types of long term catheters

A

polyurethane and silicone

63
Q

T/F

the shorter the catheter the more thrombogenic

A

false - the longer the catheter

64
Q

short term catheters should not exceed this many hours

A

72

65
Q

two types of short term catheteres

A

teflon

polyethylene

66
Q

normal STAT IV set up (4 things)

A

gravity flow
4 5L bags
large bore coil system
8inches from base of heart – for flow

67
Q

L/hr in a 10g catheter

A

36.5

68
Q

L/hr in a 12g catherter

A

26.9

69
Q

what flow can a stat IV achieve

A

28L/hr

70
Q

which catheter size is limited by the stat iv

A

10G because it can exceed the 28L/hr

71
Q

in a free flow system, what determines the flow

A

height from horse/base of heart
tube sizing – radius
length of system - longer system=slower flow
viscosity of the flow

72
Q

T/F

horses lungs are 2.5x the size of cows

A

true

73
Q

best place to test skin tent

A

upper eye lids

74
Q

goal is to fulfill fluid deficit in how long

A

1 hour

75
Q

best method of fluid admin for impactions

A

PO - nasogastric tube - takes less than 30 min to get to stomach

76
Q

shock dose horse

A

60-90mL/kg/hr

77
Q

max safe fluid amount to give a horse

A

1 blood volume in an hour

78
Q

1 alkalinzing solution

A

LRS

79
Q

indicated for emergency resuscitation in hypovolemia –rapid increase in CO and decrease in TPR/afterload

A

hypertonic saline

80
Q

laminitis is rare in foals but ___ causes similar symptoms

A

salmonellosis

81
Q

Fit racehorse VO2max

A

= 160mL/kg/min

82
Q

slow twitch oxidative fibers

A

type 1

83
Q

for slow repetitive movement, “stance muscles”

A

type 1

84
Q

forelimb muscles are mostly type

A

1

large animal med (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions