Exam # 1 Flashcards
- Using the deviation IQ is preferred to using the ratio IQ because the deviation IQ:
can be ascertained more easily by simply referring to the IQ tables. is a more reliable measure of performance for the lower and upper ranges than was the ratio IQ. is comparable across all ages because the standard deviations are the same for all ages. all of the above.
The Correct Answer is “C”
The ratio IQ was a simple formula used when mental tests were first developed. It was a way of determining how the child’s mental age differed from his or her chronological age. A problem with the ratio IQ is that IQ scores are not comparable across age groups. For this reason, the deviation IQ was developed. Here the IQs are related to the average score for each age group and the derived IQ is presented in terms of how far the score deviates from that average. In this way, the scores can be more easily compared across ages
- According to Horn and Cattell (1966)
crystallized and fluid intelligence become more integrated in later adulthood. crystallized and fluid intelligence are uncorrelated. crystallized intelligence develops through the use of fluid intelligence. fluid (but not crystallized) intelligence depends on exposure to particular cultural and educational experiences.
The Correct Answer is “C”
Cattell and Horn distinguish between fluid and crystallized intelligence. The former is independent of specific instruction and is relatively culture free, while the latter depends on exposure to education and is affected by cultural experiences. Cattell and Horn believed that these two aspects of intelligence are highly correlated and that crystallized intelligence develops through the use of fluid intelligence.
- The Montessori method can best be described as:
Didactic group teaching Emphasis on cooperative activities Hands on learning Emphasizing a way to motivate children
The Correct Answer is “C”
The Montessori method was developed from Maria Montessori’s idea that children are active learners and naturally motivated. Within this method there is very little didactic group teaching and the children are directed towards interactive “hands on” learning experience. While the method is highly regarded by many, other educators are concerned that it doesn’t allow for enough opportunities for cooperative play and small-group interaction.
School Psychology/Intelligence
188. Testing-the-limits and graduated prompts are used to establish the degree to which an examinee will benefit from instruction or assistance. These techniques are part of:
dynamic assessment formative evaluation protocol analysis domain-referenced testing
The Correct Answer is “A”
A. Dynamic assessment is an alternative method of assessment that was derived from the work of Vygotsky (1962). Dynamic assessment is an alternative to standard educational assessment and involves providing the test-taker with assistance or instruction (scaffolding) during the assessment process to determine the effects of doing so. Formative evaluation (b.) involves evaluating the effects of an educational program while it is being developed in order to determine what modifications are needed. Protocol analysis (c.) involves having the test-taker “think aloud” in order to identify the cognitive processes that led to the test-taker’s answers to test items. Domain-referenced testing (d.) involves interpreting an examinee’s performance with regard to a specific knowledge or skill domain.
- “Claiming excess virtue” accompanies which of the following MMPI-2 validity scales?K
L
F
TRIN
The Correct Answer is “B”
B. The L scale was designed to detect a deliberate attempt by an examinee to present oneself positively. High L scale scores indicate an unwillingness to even admit minor shortcomings and a deliberate attempt to present oneself in a very favorable way. When an individual is more formally educated, intelligent and/or from higher social classes, they tend to score lower on the L scale.
- Research suggests that African-American children’s scores on the WISCtend to be lower than those of Caucasian children only when the examiner is Caucasian.
tend to be lower than those of Caucasian children only when the examiner is African-American.
tend to be higher than those of Caucasian children when the examiner is African-American, but lower than those of Caucasian children when the examiner is Caucasian.
are not related to the race of the examiner.
The Correct Answer is “D”
Research has suggested that scores of African-American children on the WISC are not reliably related to the race of the examiner. Though some studies have shown that African-American children’s scores on some subtests increase when the examiner is Caucasian, this effect has not been shown to be consistent. In general, African-American children’s scores tend to be lower than those of Caucasian children, regardless of the race of the examiner.
- In dynamic assessment, “testing the limits”:is done initially to determine the appropriate entry level for testing
is done only when appropriate norms are available
is done after the entire test has been administered under standardized procedures
is no longer recommended because it has been found to be biased against members of certain groups.
The Correct Answer is “C”
The term “dynamic assessment” refers to a variety of procedures involving departure from standardized test administration in order to obtain additional information about an examinee. It is done after the test has been administered using standardized procedures. It is usually used in the assessment of individuals with learning disabilities or mental retardation. Testing the limits involves providing cues to see how many are needed to generate successful performance: The more cues required, the more severe the learning disability.
- Componential, experiential, and practical are the three aspects of which intelligence model?
Gardner Cattell and Horn Sternberg Perkins
The Correct Answer is “C”
C. Robert Sternberg’s triarchic model of intelligence consists of three interacting components: the componential, or analytical, aspect includes the methods used to process and analyze information; the experiential, or creative, aspect refers to how unfamiliar circumstances and tasks are dealt with; and the practical, or contextual, component refers to how people respond to their environment. (Beyond IQ, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1985). Howard Gardner (a.) developed the theory of multiple intelligences which currently lists eight intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalist. (See: Gardner, Howard (1983; 1993) Frames of Mind: The theory of multiple intelligences, New York: Basic Books.) Raymond Cattell and John Horn (b.) identified the dimensions fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, and visual-spatial reasoning. David Perkins identified three dimensions to intelligence: the neural, the experiential, and the reflective that are considered contrasting causal factors that all contribute to intelligence. (See: Perkins, David. Outsmarting IQ: The Emerging Science of Learnable Intelligence. Free Press. 1995.)
- The primary function of a school psychologist is to
treat children with emotional and/or learning problems. identify children who need special help and make appropriate referrals. train classroom teachers in operant learning techniques. assess, consult, and make recommendations.
The Correct Answer is “D”
This was a bit tough because both B and D are correct. However, B is a narrow answer; school psychologists have other functions besides evaluating children and making referrals. They assess children, report their findings, consult with parents and teachers, and make recommendations for further intervention. Their recommendations may or may not involve a referral; for instance, they may recommend an intervention aimed at the teacher or parent rather than the child. In sum, since school psychologists have broad functions, the broader answer is better in this case.
- Which of the following assessment instruments is not administered directly to the person being assessed?
Leiter International Performance Scale. Vineland Adaptive Behavioral Scales. Hiskey-Nebraska Test of Learning Aptitude. Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test.
The Correct Answer is “B”© Academic Review
The Vineland Adaptive Behavioral Scales are designed to assess the adaptive functioning, or performance of daily behaviors required for personal and social sufficiency, of individuals from birth to age 90. It consists of three forms–the survey interview form, which consists of questions asked of the primary caregiver; the parent/caregiver rating form; and the teacher rating form. The Vineland is useful whenever an assessment of an individual’s daily functioning is required, such as in the assessment and diagnosis of Mental Retardation.
- An individual characterized by a history of marital problems, substance abuse, delinquency or exhibiting acting out behaviors is most likely to score highest on which MMPI-2 clinical scales?Clinical Scale 5
Clinical Scales 6 and 7
Clinical Scales 4 and 9
Clinical Scale 0
The Correct Answer is “C”
C. The 4-9/9-4 code (highest scores on Scales 4 and 9) is associated with acting out behaviors and is characteristic of people with a history of marital problems, alcohol and drug abuse, delinquency, and sex offenses. Clinical Scale 4 is the Psychopathic Deviate scale and Clinical Scale 9 is the Hypomania scale. Scale 5 is the Masculinity/Femininity scale, an example of which would be the 4-5/5-4 code associated with denial of homosexual impulses or behaviors. Clinical Scale 6 is the Paranoia scale; Clinical Scale 7 is the Psychasthenia scale and the codes 4-6/6-4 and 7-9/9-7 are associated with dysphoria and anhedonia. Scale 0 is the Social Introversion scale. Code 9-0/0-9 is associated with egocentrism and grandiosity.
- The nonverbal measure of intelligence developed specifically for deaf and hearing-impaired children is:
Leiter International Performance Scale Columbia Mental Maturity Scale The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test The Hiskey-Nebraska Test of Learning Aptitude
The Correct Answer is “D”
D. The Hiskey-Nebraska Test of Learning Aptitude has 12 subtests and was specifically developed and standardized for deaf and hearing impaired children between the ages of 3 and 16. The other response choices are also non-verbal tests of intelligence. The Leiter International Performance Scale (a.) is appropriate for children with reading or speaking problems between the ages of 2 and 18. The Columbia Mental Maturity Scale (b.) yields IQ scores for children ages 3 years 6 months through 9 years 11 months and is also appropriate for children with speaking or reading difficulties as well as with sensorimotor disorders. The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (c.) can be used with ages 2 years 6 months through adulthood and is appropriate for children with expressive language disorders and a limited expressive vocabulary but not hearing problems.
- Infant intelligence tests are most valid as predictors of future performance for
infants who score very high. infants who score very low. infants who score near the average. no infants -- they have absolutely no correlation with future performance regardless of how well the infant scores on the test.
The Correct Answer is “B”
Overall, infant intelligence tests such as the Bayley Scales of Infant Development are poor predictors of adult and even childhood intelligence (though this does not mean they have absolutely no correlation with future performance, as stated by choice “D”). However, they are better predictors for babies who score very low. For this reason, many experts believe that they are most useful as screening devices to identify babies at risk for future developmental delays or problems.
- The concordance rate for IQ between children and adopted parents is around
.17. .33. .50. .60.
The Correct Answer is “A”
The concordance rate for unrelated people living in a similar environment, into which category this question falls, is around .17. As the genetics get more similar, of course the rate increases, as you’d expect.
- A patient with Alzheimer’s disease would be likely to obtain the lowest scores on which of the following factor indexes on the WAIS-III?
perceptual organization and processing speed working memory and perceptual organization working memory and processing speed verbal comprehension and processing speed
The Correct Answer is “A”
Patients with Alzheimer’s disease do more poorly than “normals” on the WAIS-III, and they tend to obtain higher scores on the Verbal subtests than on the Performance subtests. The Verbal Comprehension and Working Memory factor indexes consist of verbal subtests only, while the Perceptual Organization and Processing Speed factor indexes are comprised of performance subtests, which explains why their performance is likely to be poorer on the latter two indexes. See, for example, The Psychological Corporation, WAIS-III and WMS-III Technical Manual, 1997, San Antonio, TX.©
- The correlation for IQ scores for identical twins reared together is:
.25 .45 .65 .85
The Correct Answer is “D”
D. A genetic contribution to IQ has been supported by correlations between IQ scores of genetically similar individuals. For example, the correlation for identical twins reared together being .85, .65 for identical twins reared apart, .45 for biological siblings reared together is .45 and a correlation of .22 for biological siblings reared apart (Bouchard and Gue, 1981)
- A score of 85 on the Lie (L) Scale of the MMPI-2 may indicate:
most Lie (L) Scale items were answered as “true” a lack of insight or denial similar or identical items were answered in an inconsistent way acute psychological distress was experienced while taking the test
The Correct Answer is “B”
B. The Lie Scale is one of the original MMPI validity scales, which were designed to evaluate test-taking attitudes. A high Lie Scale score may indicate a lack of insight into one’s own behavior, denial, an attempt to create a favorable impression, or the tendency to answer items “false.” A low Lie Scale score may be the result of answering items as “true” (a.). Inconsistent responding (c.) is suggested by a high score on the VRIN scale. Acute psychological distress (d.) is associated with an extremely low score on the K (Correction) Scale.
