Exam 1

Question 1

Claude Bernard and Walter Cannon are considered the fathers of modern physiology, for their observations and postulates that serve as the framework for the subject? Which of the following was Bernard’s observation upon which Cannon formed his more contemporary postulates?
A.) hormones control metabolism
B.) maintenance of constant internal environment in people
C.) nerves conduct electrical signals
D.) the same chemical can elicit different effects in different tissues
E.) infectious agents cause diseases

Answer 1

B.) maintenance of a constant internal environment in people

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT one of Cannons postulates?
A.) the nervous system has a role in preserving the “fitness” of the internal environment
B.) some systems of the body are under tonic control
C.) some systems of the body are under antagonistic control
D.) physiological parameters vary significantly in a person, depending on the time of day
E.) one chemical signal can have different effects in different tissues

Answer 2

D.) physiological parameters vary significantly in a person, depending on the time of day

Question 3

Walter Cannon created the term “homeostasis” in the body?
A.) a dynamic steady state
B.) chemical equilibrium
C.) electrical disequilibrium
D.) chemical and electrical equilibrium
E.) all are involved in maintenance in homeostasis

Answer 3

D.) chemical and electrical equilibrium

Question 4

Local control, for example of blood flow, relies primarily on what kind of signaling?

A.) autocrine
B.) paracrine
C.) endocrine
D.) neural (electrical)
E.) none of these

Answer 4

B.) paracrine

Question 5

Reflex control of physiological setpoints relies on what kind of signaling?

A.) autocrine
B.) endocrine
C.) neural (electrical)
D.) B and C
E.) none of these

Answer 5

D.) B and C

Question 6

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding positive feedback (feed forward) loops?
A.) they function in “anticipatory” responses
B.) they require an outside factor to terminate
C.) the response reinforces the stimulus to achieve a specific task over a short period of time
D.) they are homeostatic
E.) they push a value away from its resting setpoint

Answer 6

D.) they are homeostatic

Question 7

What is the basis for the observation that the same chemical signal can elicit opposite responses in different tissues?
A.) tissue-specific expression of antagonistic for the chemical
B.) tissue-specific expression of ligands for the chemical
C.) tissue-specific expression of agonists for the chemical
D.) tissue-specific expression of receptors for the chemical
E.) none of these- a specific chemical is always elicits the same response in the body

Answer 7

D.) tissue-specific expression of receptors for the chemical

Question 8

The dual control of heart rate by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system is an example of:
A.) antagonistic control
B.) tonic control
C.) endocrine reflex control
D.) afferent signaling 
E.) a spinal reflex

Answer 8

A.) antagonistic control

Question 9

The control of vascular tone (blood vessel diameter) by the sympathetic nervous system is an example of:
A.) antagonistic control
B.) tonic control
C.) endocrine reflex control 
D.) afferent signaling
E.) a spinal reflex

Answer 9

B.) tonic control

Question 10

Reflex control acts to control among other things, blood flow and pressure. The example covered in class was how pressure sensors in the carotid artery communicate to the brain, which in turn sends out neurological signals to instruct blood vessels to relax or construct (whichever is indicated). In that example, what is the afferent signal to adjust blood pressure?
A.) the initial change in blood pressure
B.) the signal from the carotid to the brain
C.) the signal from the brain to the blood vessels
D.) the adjustment in blood vessels to correct flow
E.) none of these

Answer 10

B.) the signal from the carotid to the brain

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hormones?
A.) secreted by cells in a regulated manner
B.) secreted into the blood
C.) elicit effects at very low concentrations
D.) transported to distant targets
E.) all the characteristics of hormones

Answer 11

E.) all the characteristics of hormones

Question 12

There are three major classes of hormones; for 12-15 use the following responses
A.) protein/peptide
B.) steroid
C.) amines/amino acids

12. ) cortisol
13. ) epinephrine
14. ) thyroid hormone
15. ) thryrotropin- releasing hormone

Answer 12

12. ) steroid
13. ) amines/amino acids
14. ) amines/ amino acids
15. ) protein/peptide

Question 13

To which group do most hormones belong?
A.) protein/peptide
B.) steroid
C.) amines/amino acids

Answer 13

A.) protein/peptide

Question 14

From what amino acids are catecholamine hormones derived?
A.) glutamate
B.) asparate
C.) phenylalanine
D.) tyrosine
E.) cysteine

Answer 14

D.) tyrosine

Question 15

Where are most receptors for steroid hormones located?
A.) the plasma membrane
B.) cytoplasm 
C.) mitochondria 
D.) tight junctions
E.) nucleus

Answer 15

Cytoplasm

Question 16

Where are most receptors for peptide hormones located?
A.) the plasma membrane
B.) cytoplasm 
C.) mitochondria 
D.) tight junctions
E.) nucleus

Answer 16

A.) the plasma membrane

Question 17

Trophies hormones control the release of other hormones— and essential physiological control system in place that regulates our homeostasis. The pituitary gland like wise is a major center for such control. The following questions address the endocrine gland.
1.) The anterior pituitary is also called the ————, and is composed of —————- tissue.
A.) neurohypophysis, endocrine
B.) neurohypophysis, neural
C.) adenohypophysis, endocrine
D.) adenohypophysis, neural

2.) The posterior pituitary is also called the ——-, and is composed of ——- tissue.
A.) neurohypophysis, endocrine
B.) neurohypophysis, neural
C.) adenohypophysis, endocrine
D.) adenohypophysis, neural

Answer 17

1. ) C.) adenohypophysis, endocrine

2. ) B.) neurohypophysis, neural

Question 18

What allows extremely low levels of trophies hormones from the posterior pituitary to stimulate the production of trophies hormones from the anterior pituitary
A.) the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
B.) long loop neurocrine feedback
C.) short loop neurocrine feedback
D.) none; only one set of trophies hormones is produced in the pituitary

Answer 18

A.) the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

Question 19

Where are the trophies hormones synthesized that are secreted from the posterior pituitary?
A.) the anterior pituitary 
B.) the portal system 
C.) the hypothalamus
D.) the thalamus
E.) the pineal gland

Answer 19

C.) the hypothalamus

Question 20

Control of the TRH release by thyroid hormone (T3/T4) is an example of: 
A.) long loop negative feedback
B.) short loop negative feedback
C.) a feed forward loop
D.) potentiation

Answer 20

A.) long loop negative feedback

Question 21

Control of CRH release by ACTH is an example of:
A.) long loop negative feedback
B.) short loop negative feedback
C.) a feed forward loop
D.) potentiation

Answer 21

B.) short loop negative feedback

Question 22

Muscarine is a cholinergic receptor 
A.) agonist
B.) antagonist
C.) ligand 
D.) a and c
E.) b and C

Answer 22

A.) agonist

Question 23

Atropine is a cholinergic receptor 
A.) agonist 
B.) antagonists
C.) ligand 
D.) a and c
E.) b and c

Answer 23

B.) antagonist

Question 24

Differential ion distribution across membranes is necessary for physiological processes. For questions 28-31 use the following responses:
A.) cytosol
B.) extracellular fluid
C.) no difference

28. ) Na+
29. ) K+
30. ) CL-
31. ) Ca++

Answer 24

28. ) B.) extracellular fluid
29. ) a.) cytosol
30. ) B.) extracellular fluid
31. ) B.) extracellular fluid

Question 25

``` Chemical disequilibria serves: A.) as a source of potential energy B.) as a source of electrical signaling C.) as a source of signal transduction D.) A,B, and C E.) none of these ```

Answer 25

D.) A, B, and C

Question 26

Which of the following are NOT true regarding the Na+/K+ ATPase? A.) it maintains the electrical charge difference by expelling three positive charges in exchange for two positive charges B.) it maintains the Na+ electrochemical gradient C.) it pumps 3 K+ into the cell in exchange for Na+ pumped out D.) all true E.) none are true

Answer 26

C.) it pumps 3K+ into the cell in exchange for 2 Na+ pumped out

Question 27

``` What ion primarily sets the resting membrane electrical potential in cells? A.) Na+ B.) K+ C.) Cl- D.) Ca++ ```

Answer 27

B.) K+

Question 28

Why does the ion (K+) do so? A.) it is predominant ion in the body B.) the permeability of membranes is highest for that ion allowing its equilibrium potential to dominate C.) it has the highest charge to mass ratio of the major ions D.) it is the only ion that causes current when it moves from one compartment to another E.) none of these are correct

Answer 28

B.) the permeability of membranes is the highest for that ion allowing its equilibrium potential to dominate

Question 29

Electrical signaling follows Ohms law: V=IR, or I= V/R, where current I= current, V= voltage, and R= resistance. From that equation, you can see that when resistance declines, current increases. Membranes have an inherent resistance to ion movement, as well as a characteristic voltage (membrane potential). What causes resistance to decline in physiology? A.) ion movement B.) opening of ion channels C.) changes in ion composition on either side of the membrane D.) water movement E.) none of these cause membrane resistance to change

Answer 29

B.) opening of ion channels

Question 30

``` Where are graded potentials generated in a neuron? A.) in the post synaptic membrane B.) in the dendrites C.) in the cell body D.) A, B, and C E.) in the axon ```

Answer 30

D.) A,B, and C

Question 31

In a simple neural reflex, what provides the afferent signal? A.) the presynaptic neuron B.) the postsynaptic neuron

Answer 31

A.) the presynaptic neuron

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a role of astrocytes in the CNS? A.) removal of neurotransmitter after a synaptic event B.) helps form the blood brain barrier C.) participate in metabolic cycling with neurons D.) myelination of axons E.) all of these roles of astrocytes

Answer 32

D.) myelination of axons

Question 33

``` Where is the decision to fire an action potential made in a neuron? A.) the dendrites B.) the cell body C.) the axon hillock (initial segment) D.) the nodes of ranvier E.) the axon terminal ```

Answer 33

C.) the axon hillock (initial segment)

Question 34

For questions 41-43, determine whether the hating of listed ion channels would generate an A.) EPSP B.) IPSP 41. ) a gaba-gates CL- channel 42. ) glutamate Na+ channel 43. ) serotonin gated K+ channel

Answer 34

41. ) B) IPSP 42. ) A.) EPSP 43. ) B.) IPSP

Question 35

``` The channels responsible for generating an action potential in a neuron are A.) voltage gated B.) ligand gated C.) ionotropic D.) A and C E.) B and C ```

Answer 35

D.) A and C

Question 36

What specifically allows action potentials to move in only one direction? A.) delayed closing of Na+ channels B.) delayed gating of K+ channels C.) current only flows in one direction once channels open D.) gravity E.) none of these

Answer 36

A.) delayed closing of Na+ channels

Question 37

``` What is the purpose of an action potential? A.) creation of graded potentials B.) creation of IPSPs C.) release of neurotransmitter D.) creation of EPSPs E.) none of these ```

Answer 37

C.) release of neurotransmitter

Question 38

What channel is ultimately responsible for release of neurotransmitter in the axon terminal? A.) voltage gated Na+ channel B.) voltage gated K+ channel C.) voltage gated Ca++ channel D.) G protein coupled metabotropic receptor E.) ATP gated K+ channel

Answer 38

C.) voltage gated Ca++ channel

Question 39

How are synaptic signals terminated? A.) transport of neurotransmitter into adjacent cells B.) breakdown of neurotransmitter by enzymes C.) A and B D.) none of these, a timed refractory period simply occurs

Answer 39

C.) A and B

Question 40

Calcium serves as a signaling molecule for multiple physiological process, and can enter from outside of the cell or be released from inside the cell. We covered GPCR signaling briefly in class; which of the following GPCR pathways generates a second messenger that directly leads to i travel lunar release of Ca++? A.) phospholipase C (Gαq) B.) adenylyl cyclase (Gαs) C.) inhibition of adenylyl cyclase (Gαi) D.) no GPCR leads to intercellular release of Ca++

Answer 40

A.) phospholipase C (Gαq)

Question 41

Glutamate gates both Na+ and Ca++ channels in LTP and LTD in postsynaptic membranes. A.) true B.) false

Answer 41

A.) true