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Physics: Audiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a transducer?

A

Changes one form of energy into another form of energy.

Ex: Ear changes acoustic energy into mechanical energy.

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2
Q

Ear Resonance and main functions
Outer:
Middle:
Inner:

A

Outer: catches and funnels sound waves
Middle: changes sound waves to mechanical energy
Inner: changes mechanical energy to electrical energy for transmission to the brain

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3
Q

2 Parts of the Outer Ear
1.
2.

A
  1. Pinna: portion of ear you see, cartilaginous

2. External Auditory Canal (EAC)

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4
Q

Main functions of Outer Ear:
1.
2.

A
  1. Sound transmission

2. Ear Protection

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5
Q

Which part of the ear is the outer ear?

A

Portion external to tympanic membrane

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6
Q

Sound waves are influenced by their 3 components:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Energy source (lungs)
  2. Vibrating object (vocal folds in speech)
  3. Elastic medium (Air)
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7
Q

3 acoustic effects when sound waves encounter a barrier in space:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Diffraction
  2. Reflection
  3. Absorption
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8
Q

Why is the pinna shaped the way it is?

A

To funnel sound into the ear canal

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9
Q

Function of Pinna:

A

To gather sound and aid in localization

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10
Q

Structure of Pinna:
Shape:
Length:

A

Shaped: “s” shaped
Length: 25 mm effective acoustic length plus end effect of concha = 30mm

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11
Q

Structure of Pinna:
Lateral 1/3:
Medial 2/3:

A

Lateral 1/3 - Cartilaginous

Medial 2/3 - Bony

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12
Q

Function of EAC:
1.
2.

A
  1. Sound transmission (with pinna- amplifies sound)

2. Ear Protection (twisty canal protects tm) (ceruminous and sebaceous glands in cartilaginous portion)

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13
Q

Cupping the ear can increase intensity by:

A

8 dB

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14
Q

The EAC is which type of air column:

A

Closed at one end

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15
Q

Concha

A

the bowl of the ear, increases the length of EAC by 5mm

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16
Q

Localization:

A

Finding the direction of where a sound is coming from

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17
Q

Planes of Localization:

A
  1. Azimuth Estimation: Horizontal Plane (0 degrees in front of nose)
  2. Elevation Estimation: Vertical Plane
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18
Q

Spacial Orientation:

A

Finding the localization of a sound source PLUS the distance from the sound source

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19
Q

Planes of Spacial Orientation:

A
  1. Azimuth Estimation: Horizontal Plane (0 degrees in front of nose)
  2. Elevation Estimation: Vertical Plane
  3. Distance Estimation: Distance from sound source
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20
Q

Monaural Localization

A

One ear
Localization in vertical plane
Localization of front vs back of head

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21
Q

Binaural Localization

A 
Two ears ( AND difference between the two)
Localization in horizontal plane
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22
Q

Binaural Localization Cues:
1.
2.

A
  1. IID - Interaural Instensity Difference

2. ITD Interaural Time Difference

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23
Q

Binaural Localization: IID

1. Frequencies:

A
  1. High frequencies- they bend around head well whereas low frequency sounds don’t
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24
Q

Binaural Localization: ITD

  1. Frequencies:
  2. Directly related to:
A
  1. Low frequencies

2. Directly related to phase (which phase is the soundwave in when it hits the ear)

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25
Q

HRTF: Head related transfer functions

A

How the sound waveform changes because the person is present in the space

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26
Q

What is Impedence?

A

Opposition to the flow of energy

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27
Q

The middle ear is filled with________.

A

Air

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28
Q

Which structures compose the middle ear?

A
  1. Tympanic Membrane
  2. Air-Filled Cavity
  3. Ossicles
  4. Eustachian Tube
  5. Muscles and Nerves
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29
Q

Tympanic Membrane Layers
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Lateral Epithelial
  2. Middle Fibrous
  3. Medial Mucosa
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30
Q

Shape of Tympanic Membrance:

A

Conical

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31
Q

Superior vs Inferior Tympanic Membrance

A

Superior: Pars flaccida - more flaccid
Inferior: Pars tensa - more tense

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32
Q

Tympanic Cavity Layers
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Epitympanium
  2. Mesotympanium
  3. Hypotympanium
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33
Q

Ossicles:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Malleus
  2. Incus
  3. Stapes
34
Q

The Eustachian Tube Connects:

A

The Nasopharynx and the Tympanic Cavity

35
Q

Eustachian Tube: Childrens Adult

A

Child: shorter and more horizontal
Adult: longer, more vertical

36
Q

Eustachian Tube Dysfunction
Short-term effects:
Long-term effects:

A

Short-term: pain, temp hearing loss, distortion of sound, increase risk of infection

Long-term: fluid build-up, choleseatoma ( neg pressure pulls ear drum in and pieces of skin break off and build up)

37
Q

Middle Ear Muscles: Stapedius Muscle
Location:
Function:

A

Location: posterior wall of tympanic cavity
Function: acoustic reflex ( when exposed to loud sound, contracts, tightening ossicular chain and protecting hair cells of inner ear) Happens above 80 dB.

38
Q

Middle Ear Muscles: Tensor Tympani Muscle
Location:
Function:

A

Location: anterior wall of tympanic cavity
Function: Unsure- we don’t know much about it

39
Q

Functions of Middle Ear:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Sound transmission “Impedance Transformer”
  2. Pressure Equalization
  3. Inner Ear Protection
40
Q

How does the middle ear act as an impedance transformer?
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Pressure transformer
  2. Ossicular lever
  3. Catenary lever
41
Q

Problem of getting sound from air to cochlea?

A

Sound goes from one medium (air) to another (fluid in the cochlea).
Fluid = higher impedence
Higher impedence = decrease in pressure (intensity)
Thus, middle ear acts as impedence transformer.

42
Q

What are the two main ways of matching impedance between air in the ear canal and fluid in the cochlea?
1.
2.

A
  1. Pressure transformer

2. Ossicular Lever

43
Q

Pressure Equalization:

A

Eustachian tube allows for adjustment of pressure. If Eustachian tube is blocked, pressure cannot be adjusted.

44
Q

Pressure in tympanic cavity should equal _________.

A

atmospheric pressure

45
Q

Eustachian Tube
Closed:
Open:

A

Closed: normally closed
Open: opens as needed to equalize pressure ex when yawning, swallowing

46
Q

Eustachian Tube
Closed:
Open:

A

Closed: normally closed
Open: opens as needed to equalize pressure ex when yawning, swallowing

47
Q

Valsalva Maneuver

A

opens Eustachian tube

increases pressure in tympanic cavity

48
Q

Toynbee maneuver

A

opens Eustachian tube

decreases pressure in tympanic cavity

49
Q

Both muscles of the middle ear, Tensor Tympani and Stapedius, work to _____________.
Why?

A

Stiffen the middle ear system.
Increase in stiffness = increase in impedance
Increase in impedance = sound does not flow as efficiently

50
Q

If the acoustic reflex of the stapedius muscle does occur, why can noise still damage hearing?
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Latency of the response (it takes time for the reflex to be triggered)
  2. Frequencies affected (protects most against low frequency sound)
  3. Amount of protection/attenuation (reflex may provide up to 15 dB of attenuation of loud signal, not necessarily enough to protect from all loud sounds)
51
Q

If the acoustic reflex of the stapedius muscle does occur, why can noise still damage hearing?
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Latency of the response (it takes time for the reflex to be triggered)
  2. Frequencies affected (protects most against low frequency sound)
  3. Amount of protection/attenuation (reflex may provide up to 15 dB of attenuation of loud signal, not necessarily enough to protect from all loud sounds)
52
Q

Tonotopic Organization
Tono = ___________
Topic = ___________
Tonotopic = _______

A 
Tono = sound
Topic = location
Tonotopic = location of a sound

Organ of Corti is organized tonotopically by frequency

53
Q

Tonotopic Organization:
Low frequency sounds:
High frequency sounds:

A

Low frequency sounds processed at the apex of the basilar membrane (cochlea)
High frequency sound processed at the base of the basilar membrane (cochlea)

54
Q

The base of the cochlea has a _____ resonance frequency, and as you move toward the apex of the cochlea, the resonant frequency progressively _______.

A

higher; lowers

55
Q

Resonance frequency:

A

Natural frequency at which it is easiest to get an object to vibrate

56
Q

Resonance frequency:

A

Natural frequency at which it is easiest to get an object to vibrate

57
Q

Basilar Membrane:

A

Membrane that travels the length of the cochlea with variances in mass and stiffness along it’s length

58
Q

Basilar Membrane
Base:
Apex:

A

Base: Thin, (low mass), stiff—–> higher resonance frequencies
Apex: Thick (large mass), flaccid—-> lower resonance frequencies

59
Q

Basilar Membrane Motion:

A

Travelling wave - transverse wave (displaces particles perpendicular to wave)

60
Q

Basilar Membrane transverse waves travel through:

A

Scale vestibule, scala media, and scala tympani

61
Q

The inner ear structures for hearing:
1.
2.

A
  1. Cochlea

2. Auditory Nerve - Cranial Nerve 13 - Vestibulocochlear nerve

62
Q

Cochlea:
Location:
# of Turns:
Length:

A

Temporal Bone in skull
2 3/4 turns
~35mm in length

** NOT free standing– it’s a space of this shape within the temporal bone**

63
Q

3 layers of the ‘bony labyrinth’ of the cochlea:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Bony Labyrinth - outside mold- part of temporal bone
  2. Membraneous Labrynth - follows the twists of bony labyrinth- filled with endolymph
  3. Perilymph - fluid between the bony labyrinth and membranes
64
Q

3 fluid-filled channels in cochlea: (FORMED BY 2 membranes)
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Scala Tympani -filled w/perilymph
  2. Scala Vestibuli - filled w/ perilymph
  3. Scala Media - filled w/endolymph
65
Q

Helicotrema:

A

Point in cochlea where scala vestibule and scala tympani connect
At the apex (innermost) of the cochlea

66
Q

Which two membranes divide the cochlea into 3 channels or tunnels:
1.
2.

A
  1. Reissner’s Membrane

2. Basilar Membrane

67
Q

Syria vascularis

A

Tissue that covers the spiral ligament within the scala media
Rich in blood supply

68
Q

Reisners membrane

A

Separates Scala vestibuli from scala media
Connects to spiral limbus at center
Connects to Syria vascularia at edge

69
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

Separates scala media from scala tympani
Connects to spiral lamina at center
Connects to spiral ligament at edge

70
Q

Organ of Corti
Function
Location

A

Sensory structures for hearing, transducers mechanical energy into chemical/electrical
In the scala media, sits on basilar membrane

71
Q

Scala Media
Aka
Superior border
Inferior border

A

Aka cochlear duct
Superior border reisners membrane
Inferior border basilars membrane

72
Q 
Main structures of Organ of Corti
1.
2.
3 
4
A
  1. Support cells and tunnel of corti
  2. Hair cells (inner and outer)
  3. Reticular lamina- upper surface of organ of corti
  4. Tectorial membrane: covers all of organ of corgi-tallest stereocillia embed here
73
Q

Hair cells:
Outer:
Inner:

A

Sensory organs with stereocillia at one end
Outer: 3 rows, cylindrical, 12000
Inner: 1 row, flask shaped, 3500

74
Q

Stereocillia
Arranged:
Form:

A

Tallest to shortest on top of hair cell
Form the upper surface of the organ of corti (reticular lamina)
Stereocillia projects through reticular lamina and are in endolymph

75
Q

Levers:
Ossicular:
Catenary:

A

Ossicular: length of malleus>length of incus relative length of middle ear bones create a lever that increases pressure to ow
Catenary:

76
Q

Shearing motion of stereocillia:

A

Because they are stick in between two membranes that move in opposite directions they bend =shearing motion

77
Q

Outer hair cells are ______ while inner hair cells are not.

A

Mobile

78
Q

Place theory

A

Auditory nerve is organized tonotopically, hair cells at basilar membrane cause firing of nerves turned to high frequencies, at apex of basilar membrane cause firing at low frequencies.

79
Q

Periodicity Theory:

Problem:

A

The rate at which nerves fire is what codes frequency

Problem: single nerve can only fire 1000x/sec, how do we account for greater than 1000hz

80
Q

Volley theory

Problem:

A

Most accepted theory in field
Multiple neurons working together can code frequencies higher than 1000 hz

Problem: even with volley theory we can only code up to 5000hz: likely that aspects of place and periodicity theory account for coding of signals to the brain

81
Q

Intensity coding

A

Greater intensity sounds produce a broader traveling wave in the cochlea

82
Q

Firing rate of nerves:

A

Nerves fire spontaneously without stimulation, but stimulation increases firing rate.

Physics: Audiology (1 decks)

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