Exam 1

Question 1

Empirical claim

Answer 1

Empirical claim: have to look outside yourself to figure it out

Question 2

Conceptual claim

Answer 2

How you think about things. How you investigate your own concepts of what you think

Question 3

Validity

Answer 3

An argument is valid if there is no situation in which all the premises are true and the conclusion false

Ex/ A. Liz owns either a Jeep or Nissan
B. Liz does not own a Jeep
C. Therefore, Liz owns a Nissan

Question 4

Deductive validity

Answer 4

Premises cannot be true w/o the conclusion bring true. It describes arguments that are factual/logical

Question 5

Soundness

Answer 5

All premises are true, therefore the conclusion is true. Soundness has to do with content

Question 6

Induction

Answer 6

Premises or an argument support a conclusion, but does not ensure it.

Question 7

Necessary V. Sufficient conditions

Answer 7

A necessary condition for state of affair S is a condition that must be satisfied in order to obtain S.

A sufficient condition for some state of affairs S is a condition that If satisfied guarantees that S is obtained.

Ex/ need a 95% to pass the class 
Must turn in paper to do so 

It’s raining
Therefore the ground is wet

Question 8

A priori claim

Answer 8

Can be known without any particular kind of experience “all bachelors are Unmarried”

Question 9

A posteriori claim

Answer 9

Can only be known by experience

Ex/ “it’s raining outside” (have to know what rain is to make that judgement)

Question 10

Rationalism

Answer 10

Reasoning is the source and test of knowledge and ideas are innate
Ex/ a triangle has 3 sides

Question 11

Empiricism

Answer 11

All concepts originate in experience and nothing is certain. If experience cannot probe concepts of certain knowledge than we don’t have that knowledge (knowledge based off senses)

Question 12

Necessary Claims

Answer 12

Cannot be false, the denial of which would lead to logical contradiction
Ex/ the sky is either blue or not
2+2=4

Question 13

Contingent claim

Answer 13

Can be false, logically could been different
Ex/ it often rains in Seattle (but it doesn’t always)
George Washington was the first president
(But he didn’t have to be)

Question 14

Hume on impressions V. ideas

Answer 14

He believed ideas are not innate

Everything we know is gained from our senses. Ideas can be worked out once they’ve been conceived

Question 15

Decartes Evil demon

Answer 15

Makes you doubt everything, makes you doubt everything you see, hear and touch

Question 16

Determinism

Answer 16

All our future actions are determined by past events

Question 17

Laplaces demon

Answer 17

Has all in the info, forces, position, for all the particles in the universe. Knows everything in the past, present and future.

Question 18

Hard determinism

Answer 18

Free will and determinism are incompatible. Determinism is true, free will false

Question 19

Soft determinism

Answer 19

Free will and determinism are compatible. Humans actions insofar as they are based on motivations that an individual want/approves
(Free will yes, determinism no)

Question 20

Libertarianism

Answer 20

Free will and determinism are incompatible, free will is true and at least some human actions are not determined by the past

Question 21

Utilitarianism

Answer 21

The most ethical choice is the one that will provide the greatest outcome.
Ex/ justifying military war, or killing someone to save a bank robbery.
The outcome of our actions must be beneficial

Question 22

Relationship between free will and responsibility

Answer 22

If we have free will then we are free to making every choice in our lives therefore have to take responsibility for those choices and actions.