Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Name the non-fluent aphasias.
A
1) Broca’s
2) Global
3) Transcortical motor aphasia (TMA)
2
Q
Name the fluent aphasias.
A
1) Wernicke’s
2) Conduction
3) Transcortical Sensory Aphasia (TSA)
4) Anomic
3
Q
Name the aphasia:
Comprehension: fair-good; difficulty understanding complex syntactic structures
Speech: Telegraphic (few words, and omits grammatical elements of a sentence); automatic speech is usually preserved.
Repetition: Labored, misarticulated,
Fluency: nonfluent, effortful, halting.
A
Broca’s Aphasia
4
Q
Name the aphasia:
Comprehension: good
Speech: limited spontaneous speech, halting, agrammatic.
Repetition: Preserved, melancholia, delayed in initiation.
Fluency: Reduced speech rate, nonfluent with some fluent utterances, unusual delays in initiation
Word retrieval: variable, with delays in initiation
Reading: good
Writing: impaired
A
Transcortical Motor Aphasia (TMA)
5
Q
Name the aphasia:
Comprehension: Poor
Speech: Profoundly impaired, stereotypic utterances.
Repetition: Poor, phonemic and semantic paraphasias(errors - unintended syllables, words or phrases), perseveration.
Fluency: Nonfluent
Word retrieval: Poor
Reading: Impaired
Writing: Impaired
Self-awareness: Poor
A
Global Aphasia
6
Q
Name the aphasia:
Comprehension: Poor
Speech:
- intact grammatical structures
- Phonemic & semantic paraphasias
- Neoglasms (new/nonsense words), jargon, empty speech,
Repetition: Poor
Fluency: Poor
Word Retrieval: Poor, circumlocution with semantic paraphasia
Reading: Difficulty recognizing meaning of printed words and sounds associated with written words
Self-Awareness: Lack of awareness
A
Wernicke’s Aphasia
7
Q
Name the aphasia:
Comprehension: fair to good
Speech: Phonemic paraphasia
Repetition: Impairment in repetition of function words, longer words, and longer phrases and sentences
Fluency: Fluent
A
Conduction Aphasia
8
Q
Name the aphasia:
Comprehension: Generally poor
Speech: Varies. Spontaneous speech contains many paraphasias and neologisms, normal automatic speech (e.g. counting)
Repetition: Intact repetition ability, echolalia and perseveration
Fluency: fluent, empty
Word retrieval: poor
Writing: impaired
Reading: poor
A
Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
9
Q
Name the aphasia: - Cannot name objects -Word finding difficulties Comprehension: Good Repetition: OK Fluent speech: word-finding difficulties and frequent pauses and circumlocutions
A
Pure Aphasia: Anomic
10
Q
Name the aphasia.
Salient feature: preserved repetition of words and sentences.
-echolalia
Speech: Nonfluent
Comprehension: severely impaired
Naming: severely impaired
Writing: severely impaired
Reading: severely impaired
* similar to global aphasia with intact repetition
A
Mixed Transcortical Aphasia
11
Q
______ is the inability to read.
A
Alexia
12
Q
____ is difficulty learning to read.
A
Dyslexia
13
Q
_____ is the inability to write.
A
Agraphia
14
Q
What are the different types of alexia?
A
1) Phonological Alexia
2) Surface Alexia
3) Deep Alexia
15
Q
Name the alexia: -Impaired sublexical route - Relies on lexica route "whole-word recognition" - No difficulty reading previously learned words - Poor ability to read non-words
A
Phonological Alexia
16
Q
Name the alexia:
- Semantic paralexas
- Hallmark: semantic errors (chair for table) or morphological errors ( steal for stealth)
- Poor ability to read non-words
A
Deep Alexia
17
Q
Name the Alexia:
- Damage to the lexica route (relies on sublexical route "grapheme-to-phoneme decoding)
- "reading by sound"
- Able to read regularly
spelled words (radio,
cap, hand)
- Good ability to read
aloud non-word e.g. blix
A
Surface Alexia
18
Q
Where is the lesion location in Broca’s aphasia?
A
Posterior-inferior frontal lobe
19
Q
Where is the lesion location in Transcortical Motor Aphasia?
A
Anterior-superior frontal lobe
20
Q
Where is the lesion location in Global Aphasia?
A
Large, perislyvian, widespread destruction of the fronto-temporo-parietal regions
21
Q
Where is the lesion location in Wernicke’s aphasia?
A
posterior superior temporal lobe
22
Q
Where is the lesion location in conduction aphasia?
A
Left temporal-parietal junction
23
Q
Where is the lesion location in transcortical sensory aphasia?
A
Posterior parietal lobe
24
Q
What is this?
Impaired understanding of the meaning of certain stimuli.
- Often limited to one sensory modality
- No peripheral sensory impairment
A
Agnosia
25
What is ICF?
International Classification of Function Model
26
What standardized assessment is a Patient Reported measurement?
Assessment for Living with Aphasia (ALA)
27
What standardized assessment would you give to determine functional ability of the patient?
The Functional Communication Profile (FCP) or Communicative Activities in Daily Living (CADL-2)
28
What standardized assessment would you give for Impairment?
WAB or BDAE
29
What cortical lobe is associated with executive function?
The frontal lobe
30
What standardized test covers auditory comprehension, spoken language, reading, writing, gesture, and cognitive functions?
WAB - R or Comprehensive Aphasia Test (CAT)
31
What are the components of assessment?
1) Gathering information/
informal interview
2) Bedside oral mech eval
3) Informal Assessment
4) Formal/specific language
assessment
5) Informal assessment
32
Name components of high level executive function.
- Initiate
- Plan/organize
- Maintain goal-directed
behaviors
-Anticipation
- Problem solving
- Reasoning
- Cognitive flexibility
- Inhibition
- Abstract thinking
33
What is the ICF framework?
```
- Health condition (disorder
or disease)
--> Activity
--> Body functions & structure, and
--> Participation
--> Contextual Factors
--> Environmental factors
--> Personal Factors
```
34
Name a standardized test that focuses on Activity & Participation?
CADL-2
35
Name a standardized test that focuses on Life Participation/Quality of Life.
ALA (Assessment for Living with Aphasia)
36
What are the major elements in the informal assessment?
1) Discourse sample
2) Auditory comprehension
3) Naming skills
4) Repetition skills
5) Reading
6) Writing
7) Singing
37
What is the "Bottom-up" process?
```
- Smallest unit gathers to
form a unit
-Physical characteristics of
phonemes (acoustic level)
--> phonemes
--> combine phonemes into
words
--> Combine words into
sentences
```
An example is Minimal pair task e.g. pan vs. van
38
What is the "Top-down" process?
```
- Expectations given by
context or general
knowledge/concept
- Break down a system
--> subsystems
```
An ex is Pointing tasks - client is asked to point to each item that is named
39
Name the three major cognitive processes supporting communication.
1) Attention
2) Memory
3) Executive Function
40
T/F?
| Many parts of the central nervous system play a role in attention.
True
41
T/F
| Some degree of attention deficits are seen in few individuals after brain damage.
False - it is seen in most individuals.
42
Attention problems are more pronounced with individuals who have what type of damage?
Right hemisphere damage or TBI
43
There are different types of attention. Name them (5).
1) Basic arousal/alertness
2) Sustained attention
3) Focused or selective
attention
4) Alternating attention
5) Divided Attention
44
Name the type of attention:
1) "multi-tasking" or attending to more than one task at once.
2) Maintaining attention in the presence of competing or distracting stimuli
3) Shifting attention from one task/rule to another
4) Maintaining attention over time
5) Basic arousal
1) Divided attention
2) Focused or selective
3) Alternating attention
4) Sustained attention
5) Alertness
45
What is the name of attention deficit in aphasia that is a problem with focused attention problem in attending to information presented contralateral to the side of brain damage.
Neglect syndrome
46
T/F?
| All levels of language processing may be affected by attention problems.
True
47
T/F
| There is not a relationship between demanding attention conditions and performance of language tasks.
False
48
T/F?
The integrity of attention may also be an important predictor of language recovery and functional outcomes among individuals with aphasia.
True
49
What are the 3 types of memory?
1st stage: sensory
2nd stage: short-term
3rd stage: long-term
50
Name each type of memory:
1. immediate memory or primary memory
2. sensory register
3. secondary memory
1. 2nd stage short term memory
2. 1st stage sensory memory
3. 3rd stage long-term memory
51
Name the type of memory.
- Incoming info registered in modality-specific form automatically.
- occurs automatically and not under volitional control.
- a buffer for stimuli received through the 5 senses -auditory, visual, tactile, smell, and taste.
- limited capacity
- info is passed into short term memory via the process of attention
1st stage: sensory memory
52
Name the type of memory.
- memory held in permanent storage, available for retrieval at some time in the future
- considered a static repository for knowledge acquired from schooling, books, movies, television, radio, and everyday experiences,
- Has a very large, perhaps infinite capacity.
3rd stage long-term memory
53
Name the type of memory.
- memory held in conscious awareness with attention
- limited capacity
- info decays within a few seconds
- conscious efforts maintain info in memory
2nd stage short term memory
54
T/F?
| in short-term memory there is a static repository for info on its way to long term memory.
True
55
T/F
Working memory has a limited mental space that stores temporary outcomes of cognitive operations during complex cognitive processing
True
56
T/F?
| Long-term memory (LTM) relies mostly on acoustic and/or visual codes for storing info
False - that's short-term memory
57
T/F?
LTM encodes info for semantically (i.e. based on meaning and association), and may also encode to some extent by sound (phonological)
True
58
What is declarative/explicit memory?
- "knowing what"
- Can be consciously recalled or "declared"
- It consists of info that is explicitly stored and retrieved
59
What artery is most associated with aphasia?
LMCA
60
What is a procedure memory skill?
tying a shoelace, playing a guitar or riding a bike
61
declarative and procedure memory fall under STM or LTM?
LTM
62
Memory of experiences and specific events in time in a serial form is what type of memory?
Episodic
63
Facts, meaning, concepts and knowledge about the external world is what type of memory?
semantic
64
With dementia patients, is recent or remote memory better?
Remote memory
65
The "conductor", "coach", or "CEO" are basic function of _______ ________
Executive function
66
"A collection of high-level controlled cognitive processes that generate, plan, and regulate goal-directed activities in a flexible manner based on internal and external feedback information" is what?
Executive function
67
Name components of high-level cognitive function.
-Initiate
-plan/organize
-Maintain goal/directed behavior
-anticipation
-problem solving
-reasoning
-cognitive flexibility
-inhibition
-abstract thinking
-
68
What's an executive function test?
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
69
What's an executive function (reasoning) test?
Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS)
70
Hemispheric Function: Is this the function of the right or left hemisphere? Name each.
- rational and analytic
- processing sequential, time-related material that is suitable for linear processing
- intuitive and holistic
- left
- left
- right
71
Hemispheric Function: Is this the function of the right or left hemisphere? Name each.
- temporal (auditory info): time ordered sequences. syllables in a word, words in a sentence
- processing nonlinear, spatially distributed arrays
- spatial (visual info): multidimensional arrays (pictures, scenes, faces)
- Some linguistic function (discourse, pragmatics)
- left
- right
- right
- right
72
T/F?
| Only about 1/2 of adults with RH injury develop significant communicative impairments
True
73
T/F?
| Communication deficits are more pronounced with RHD than they are in aphasia.
False. Less pronounced
74
Prognosis Factors:
The relationship between severity of impairment and outcome is weak in the initial stage but becomes stronger when the patient's neurological condition stabilizes.
True or False?
True
75
Aside from neurological condition, what other factors influence prognosis?
Patient's
- health
- age
- gender
- education
- premorbid intelligence
- occupation
- handedness
- personality
- cognitive level
- motivation
- support system
76
What are the 3 types of strokes?
1. Ischemic
2. Intracerebral Hemorrhage
3. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
77
What is the difference between a hemorrhage and an ischemic stroke?
```
Hemorrhage = bleeding
Ischemic = blockage
```
78
what is the difference between a intracerebral hemorrhage stroke and subarachnoid stroke?
```
intracerebral = bleeding into the brain
Subarachnoid = bleeding around brain
```
79
The anterior cerebral artery supplies the ____ and ___ lobe, and the _____ _____.
Damage may affect _____ and ____.
- Frontal and parietal lobe.
- Corpus callosum
- cognition and speech
80
The middle cerebral artery supplies the entire lateral aspect of each _____.
Damage may affect _____, ____and ____.
- Hemisphere
- speech
- language
- swallowing
81
The WHO-ICF Framework emphasis is on ??
social communication/quality of life
82
ICF classification system describes disorders in terms of resultant limitations placed upon the individual. What are the 4 categories used to describe this?
- limitations in body function and structure
- activity limitations
- participation limitations
- contextual factors
83
The WHO-ICF Framework includes what? (2)
1) New disability scale
| 2) emphasis on social communication/quality of life
84
According to the WHO-ICF Model --
1) Impairment = ?
2) Disability = ?
3) Handicap = ?
1) Body structures (brain injury) and functions (hemiplegia)
2) Activity: Execution of a task in a life situation in a uniform
3) Participation: Execution of a task in a life situation in an individual's current environment. E.g. cannot talk to her kid on the phone, order from a menu in his/her favorite restaurant.
85
ICF:
Limitations in body function and structure used to be known as ______.
This is underlying damage to ______, _______, or _____ structures or functions.
- Impairment
- psychological, physiological, or anatomic
e.g. inability to hold more than 6 items in memory, increased distractability, word-finding, deficits/anomia
86
ICF:
Activity limitations were previously known as _____.
Limitation of body function and structure include ______. Resultant activity limitations include the inability to?
- Disability
- anomia/word-finding problems
- add ideas or take turns in conversation.
87
ICF:
Participation limitations were previously known as _____.
This is tied to one's well-being and social consequences that arise from having cognitive disorders. Give an example of what this might look like in real life.
- Handicap
| - The inability to lead a meeting, conduct class lessons, drive to work, etc.
88
ICF:
| Contextual includes? (3)
1) social/family/educational/vocational
2) Personal factors (attitude of individual, race, gender, age, education level, etc)
3) Environmental factors (factors not within the individuals control)
89
T/F?
| The LH is better than the RH at most language-related tasks.
True
90
T/F?
| The LH better detects prosody, pragmatics and tasks involving emotional and musical stimuli
False
91
There are 2 types of paraphasias - what are they?
1) phonemic paraphasia
| 2) semantic paraphasia
92
Phonological (phonemic errors) like "toothbrust" for toothbrush is what type of paraphasia?
Phonemic paraphasia
93
Semantic errors (usually related to the term) as in "knife" for fork is what type of paraphasia?
semantic paraphasia
94
What are the two routes of the reading system?
1) the lexical route
| 2) the sublexical route
95
Describe the lexical route to reading?
printed words are directly linked to meaning (learned words and irregular words, such as "yacht" or "colonel" or "pint".
