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CD 659 Exam 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the non-fluent aphasias.

A

1) Broca’s
2) Global
3) Transcortical motor aphasia (TMA)

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2
Q

Name the fluent aphasias.

A

1) Wernicke’s
2) Conduction
3) Transcortical Sensory Aphasia (TSA)
4) Anomic

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3
Q

Name the aphasia:

Comprehension: fair-good; difficulty understanding complex syntactic structures

Speech: Telegraphic (few words, and omits grammatical elements of a sentence); automatic speech is usually preserved.

Repetition: Labored, misarticulated,

Fluency: nonfluent, effortful, halting.

A

Broca’s Aphasia

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4
Q

Name the aphasia:

Comprehension: good
Speech: limited spontaneous speech, halting, agrammatic.

Repetition: Preserved, melancholia, delayed in initiation.

Fluency: Reduced speech rate, nonfluent with some fluent utterances, unusual delays in initiation

Word retrieval: variable, with delays in initiation

Reading: good

Writing: impaired

A

Transcortical Motor Aphasia (TMA)

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5
Q

Name the aphasia:

Comprehension: Poor

Speech: Profoundly impaired, stereotypic utterances.

Repetition: Poor, phonemic and semantic paraphasias(errors - unintended syllables, words or phrases), perseveration.

Fluency: Nonfluent

Word retrieval: Poor

Reading: Impaired

Writing: Impaired

Self-awareness: Poor

A

Global Aphasia

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6
Q

Name the aphasia:

Comprehension: Poor

Speech:

  • intact grammatical structures
  • Phonemic & semantic paraphasias
  • Neoglasms (new/nonsense words), jargon, empty speech,

Repetition: Poor

Fluency: Poor

Word Retrieval: Poor, circumlocution with semantic paraphasia

Reading: Difficulty recognizing meaning of printed words and sounds associated with written words

Self-Awareness: Lack of awareness

A

Wernicke’s Aphasia

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7
Q

Name the aphasia:

Comprehension: fair to good

Speech: Phonemic paraphasia

Repetition: Impairment in repetition of function words, longer words, and longer phrases and sentences

Fluency: Fluent

A

Conduction Aphasia

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8
Q

Name the aphasia:

Comprehension: Generally poor

Speech: Varies. Spontaneous speech contains many paraphasias and neologisms, normal automatic speech (e.g. counting)

Repetition: Intact repetition ability, echolalia and perseveration

Fluency: fluent, empty
Word retrieval: poor
Writing: impaired
Reading: poor

A

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia

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9
Q 
Name the aphasia:
- Cannot name objects
-Word finding difficulties
Comprehension: Good
Repetition: OK
Fluent speech: word-finding difficulties and frequent pauses and circumlocutions
A

Pure Aphasia: Anomic

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10
Q

Name the aphasia.

Salient feature: preserved repetition of words and sentences.
    -echolalia
Speech: Nonfluent
Comprehension: severely impaired 
Naming: severely impaired 
Writing: severely impaired 
Reading: severely impaired 
* similar to global aphasia with intact repetition
A

Mixed Transcortical Aphasia

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11
Q

______ is the inability to read.

A

Alexia

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12
Q

____ is difficulty learning to read.

A

Dyslexia

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13
Q

_____ is the inability to write.

A

Agraphia

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14
Q

What are the different types of alexia?

A

1) Phonological Alexia
2) Surface Alexia
3) Deep Alexia

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15
Q 
Name the alexia:
-Impaired sublexical route
   - Relies on lexica route    
   "whole-word recognition"
- No difficulty reading previously learned words
- Poor ability to read non-words
A

Phonological Alexia

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16
Q

Name the alexia:

  • Semantic paralexas
  • Hallmark: semantic errors (chair for table) or morphological errors ( steal for stealth)
  • Poor ability to read non-words
A

Deep Alexia

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17
Q 
Name the Alexia:
- Damage to the lexica route (relies on sublexical route "grapheme-to-phoneme decoding)
     - "reading by sound"
     - Able to read regularly  
       spelled words (radio, 
       cap, hand)
     - Good ability to read 
        aloud non-word e.g. blix
A

Surface Alexia

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18
Q

Where is the lesion location in Broca’s aphasia?

A

Posterior-inferior frontal lobe

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19
Q

Where is the lesion location in Transcortical Motor Aphasia?

A

Anterior-superior frontal lobe

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20
Q

Where is the lesion location in Global Aphasia?

A

Large, perislyvian, widespread destruction of the fronto-temporo-parietal regions

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21
Q

Where is the lesion location in Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

posterior superior temporal lobe

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22
Q

Where is the lesion location in conduction aphasia?

A

Left temporal-parietal junction

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23
Q

Where is the lesion location in transcortical sensory aphasia?

A

Posterior parietal lobe

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24
Q

What is this?

Impaired understanding of the meaning of certain stimuli.

  • Often limited to one sensory modality
  • No peripheral sensory impairment
A

Agnosia

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25
Q

What is ICF?

A

International Classification of Function Model

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26
Q

What standardized assessment is a Patient Reported measurement?

A

Assessment for Living with Aphasia (ALA)

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27
Q

What standardized assessment would you give to determine functional ability of the patient?

A

The Functional Communication Profile (FCP) or Communicative Activities in Daily Living (CADL-2)

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28
Q

What standardized assessment would you give for Impairment?

A

WAB or BDAE

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29
Q

What cortical lobe is associated with executive function?

A

The frontal lobe

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30
Q

What standardized test covers auditory comprehension, spoken language, reading, writing, gesture, and cognitive functions?

A

WAB - R or Comprehensive Aphasia Test (CAT)

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31
Q

What are the components of assessment?

A

1) Gathering information/
informal interview

2) Bedside oral mech eval
3) Informal Assessment

4) Formal/specific language
assessment

5) Informal assessment

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32
Q

Name components of high level executive function.

A
  • Initiate
  • Plan/organize
  • Maintain goal-directed
    behaviors
    -Anticipation
  • Problem solving
  • Reasoning
  • Cognitive flexibility
  • Inhibition
  • Abstract thinking
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33
Q

What is the ICF framework?

A 
- Health condition (disorder 
  or disease)
--> Activity
--> Body functions & structure, and
--> Participation
--> Contextual Factors
--> Environmental factors
--> Personal Factors
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34
Q

Name a standardized test that focuses on Activity & Participation?

A

CADL-2

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35
Q

Name a standardized test that focuses on Life Participation/Quality of Life.

A

ALA (Assessment for Living with Aphasia)

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36
Q

What are the major elements in the informal assessment?

A

1) Discourse sample
2) Auditory comprehension
3) Naming skills
4) Repetition skills
5) Reading
6) Writing
7) Singing

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37
Q

What is the “Bottom-up” process?

A 
- Smallest unit gathers to
  form a unit
-Physical characteristics of 
 phonemes (acoustic level) 
 --> phonemes 
 --> combine phonemes into 
      words 
--> Combine words into 
     sentences

An example is Minimal pair task e.g. pan vs. van

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38
Q

What is the “Top-down” process?

A 
- Expectations given by 
  context or general 
  knowledge/concept
- Break down a system
  --> subsystems

An ex is Pointing tasks - client is asked to point to each item that is named

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39
Q

Name the three major cognitive processes supporting communication.

A

1) Attention
2) Memory
3) Executive Function

40
Q

T/F?

Many parts of the central nervous system play a role in attention.

A

True

41
Q

T/F

Some degree of attention deficits are seen in few individuals after brain damage.

A

False - it is seen in most individuals.

42
Q

Attention problems are more pronounced with individuals who have what type of damage?

A

Right hemisphere damage or TBI

43
Q

There are different types of attention. Name them (5).

A

1) Basic arousal/alertness
2) Sustained attention
3) Focused or selective
attention
4) Alternating attention
5) Divided Attention

44
Q

Name the type of attention:

1) “multi-tasking” or attending to more than one task at once.
2) Maintaining attention in the presence of competing or distracting stimuli
3) Shifting attention from one task/rule to another
4) Maintaining attention over time
5) Basic arousal

A

1) Divided attention
2) Focused or selective
3) Alternating attention
4) Sustained attention
5) Alertness

45
Q

What is the name of attention deficit in aphasia that is a problem with focused attention problem in attending to information presented contralateral to the side of brain damage.

A

Neglect syndrome

46
Q

T/F?

All levels of language processing may be affected by attention problems.

A

True

47
Q

T/F

There is not a relationship between demanding attention conditions and performance of language tasks.

A

False

48
Q

T/F?
The integrity of attention may also be an important predictor of language recovery and functional outcomes among individuals with aphasia.

A

True

49
Q

What are the 3 types of memory?

A

1st stage: sensory
2nd stage: short-term
3rd stage: long-term

50
Q

Name each type of memory:

  1. immediate memory or primary memory
  2. sensory register
  3. secondary memory
A
  1. 2nd stage short term memory
  2. 1st stage sensory memory
  3. 3rd stage long-term memory
51
Q

Name the type of memory.

  • Incoming info registered in modality-specific form automatically.
    • occurs automatically and not under volitional control.
  • a buffer for stimuli received through the 5 senses -auditory, visual, tactile, smell, and taste.
  • limited capacity
  • info is passed into short term memory via the process of attention
A

1st stage: sensory memory

52
Q

Name the type of memory.

  • memory held in permanent storage, available for retrieval at some time in the future
  • considered a static repository for knowledge acquired from schooling, books, movies, television, radio, and everyday experiences,
  • Has a very large, perhaps infinite capacity.
A

3rd stage long-term memory

53
Q

Name the type of memory.

  • memory held in conscious awareness with attention
  • limited capacity
  • info decays within a few seconds
  • conscious efforts maintain info in memory
A

2nd stage short term memory

54
Q

T/F?

in short-term memory there is a static repository for info on its way to long term memory.

A

True

55
Q

T/F
Working memory has a limited mental space that stores temporary outcomes of cognitive operations during complex cognitive processing

A

True

56
Q

T/F?

Long-term memory (LTM) relies mostly on acoustic and/or visual codes for storing info

A

False - that’s short-term memory

57
Q

T/F?
LTM encodes info for semantically (i.e. based on meaning and association), and may also encode to some extent by sound (phonological)

A

True

58
Q

What is declarative/explicit memory?

A
  • “knowing what”
  • Can be consciously recalled or “declared”
  • It consists of info that is explicitly stored and retrieved
59
Q

What artery is most associated with aphasia?

A

LMCA

60
Q

What is a procedure memory skill?

A

tying a shoelace, playing a guitar or riding a bike

61
Q

declarative and procedure memory fall under STM or LTM?

A

LTM

62
Q

Memory of experiences and specific events in time in a serial form is what type of memory?

A

Episodic

63
Q

Facts, meaning, concepts and knowledge about the external world is what type of memory?

A

semantic

64
Q

With dementia patients, is recent or remote memory better?

A

Remote memory

65
Q

The “conductor”, “coach”, or “CEO” are basic function of _______ ________

A

Executive function

66
Q

“A collection of high-level controlled cognitive processes that generate, plan, and regulate goal-directed activities in a flexible manner based on internal and external feedback information” is what?

A

Executive function

67
Q

Name components of high-level cognitive function.

A

-Initiate
-plan/organize
-Maintain goal/directed behavior
-anticipation
-problem solving
-reasoning
-cognitive flexibility
-inhibition
-abstract thinking
-

68
Q

What’s an executive function test?

A

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

69
Q

What’s an executive function (reasoning) test?

A

Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS)

70
Q

Hemispheric Function: Is this the function of the right or left hemisphere? Name each.

  • rational and analytic
  • processing sequential, time-related material that is suitable for linear processing
  • intuitive and holistic
A
  • left
  • left
  • right
71
Q

Hemispheric Function: Is this the function of the right or left hemisphere? Name each.

  • temporal (auditory info): time ordered sequences. syllables in a word, words in a sentence
  • processing nonlinear, spatially distributed arrays
  • spatial (visual info): multidimensional arrays (pictures, scenes, faces)
  • Some linguistic function (discourse, pragmatics)
A
  • left
  • right
  • right
  • right
72
Q

T/F?

Only about 1/2 of adults with RH injury develop significant communicative impairments

A

True

73
Q

T/F?

Communication deficits are more pronounced with RHD than they are in aphasia.

A

False. Less pronounced

74
Q

Prognosis Factors:
The relationship between severity of impairment and outcome is weak in the initial stage but becomes stronger when the patient’s neurological condition stabilizes.
True or False?

A

True

75
Q

Aside from neurological condition, what other factors influence prognosis?

A

Patient’s

  • health
  • age
  • gender
  • education
  • premorbid intelligence
  • occupation
  • handedness
  • personality
  • cognitive level
  • motivation
  • support system
76
Q

What are the 3 types of strokes?

A
  1. Ischemic
  2. Intracerebral Hemorrhage
  3. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
77
Q

What is the difference between a hemorrhage and an ischemic stroke?

A 
Hemorrhage = bleeding
Ischemic = blockage
78
Q

what is the difference between a intracerebral hemorrhage stroke and subarachnoid stroke?

A 
intracerebral = bleeding into the brain
Subarachnoid = bleeding around brain
79
Q

The anterior cerebral artery supplies the ____ and ___ lobe, and the _____ _____.
Damage may affect _____ and ____.

A
  • Frontal and parietal lobe.
  • Corpus callosum
  • cognition and speech
80
Q

The middle cerebral artery supplies the entire lateral aspect of each _____.
Damage may affect _____, ____and ____.

A
  • Hemisphere
  • speech
  • language
  • swallowing
81
Q

The WHO-ICF Framework emphasis is on ??

A

social communication/quality of life

82
Q

ICF classification system describes disorders in terms of resultant limitations placed upon the individual. What are the 4 categories used to describe this?

A
  • limitations in body function and structure
  • activity limitations
  • participation limitations
  • contextual factors
83
Q

The WHO-ICF Framework includes what? (2)

A

1) New disability scale

2) emphasis on social communication/quality of life

84
Q

According to the WHO-ICF Model –

1) Impairment = ?
2) Disability = ?
3) Handicap = ?

A

1) Body structures (brain injury) and functions (hemiplegia)
2) Activity: Execution of a task in a life situation in a uniform
3) Participation: Execution of a task in a life situation in an individual’s current environment. E.g. cannot talk to her kid on the phone, order from a menu in his/her favorite restaurant.

85
Q

ICF:
Limitations in body function and structure used to be known as ______.
This is underlying damage to ______, _______, or _____ structures or functions.

A
  • Impairment
  • psychological, physiological, or anatomic

e.g. inability to hold more than 6 items in memory, increased distractability, word-finding, deficits/anomia

86
Q

ICF:
Activity limitations were previously known as _____.
Limitation of body function and structure include ______. Resultant activity limitations include the inability to?

A
  • Disability
  • anomia/word-finding problems
  • add ideas or take turns in conversation.
87
Q

ICF:
Participation limitations were previously known as _____.
This is tied to one’s well-being and social consequences that arise from having cognitive disorders. Give an example of what this might look like in real life.

A
  • Handicap

- The inability to lead a meeting, conduct class lessons, drive to work, etc.

88
Q

ICF:

Contextual includes? (3)

A

1) social/family/educational/vocational
2) Personal factors (attitude of individual, race, gender, age, education level, etc)
3) Environmental factors (factors not within the individuals control)

89
Q

T/F?

The LH is better than the RH at most language-related tasks.

A

True

90
Q

T/F?

The LH better detects prosody, pragmatics and tasks involving emotional and musical stimuli

A

False

91
Q

There are 2 types of paraphasias - what are they?

A

1) phonemic paraphasia

2) semantic paraphasia

92
Q

Phonological (phonemic errors) like “toothbrust” for toothbrush is what type of paraphasia?

A

Phonemic paraphasia

93
Q

Semantic errors (usually related to the term) as in “knife” for fork is what type of paraphasia?

A

semantic paraphasia

94
Q

What are the two routes of the reading system?

A

1) the lexical route

2) the sublexical route

95
Q

Describe the lexical route to reading?

A

printed words are directly linked to meaning (learned words and irregular words, such as “yacht” or “colonel” or “pint”.

CD 659 Exam 1 (1 decks)

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