Exam 1

Question 1

Broca

Answer 1

French neurologist, treated a man who had just suffered a stroke, the patient could understand language however could not speak, could utter things like the word “tan”. The man had a lesion in the left frontal lobe. Broca’s area A specific aspect of language, speech production was impaired by a specific lesion.

Question 2

Cajal

Answer 2

Spanish neuroscientist believed to be the father of modern neuroscience. Using the Golgi method found that contrary to the view of Golgi neurons were discrete Neuronal Doctrine- Is the concept that the nervous system is made up of discrete individual cells, entities.

Question 3

Brodmann

Answer 3

analyzed cellular organization of the cortex and characterized 52 distinct regions from their cytoarchitectonic characteristics. He used tissue stains developed by franz nissl which permitted him to visualize the different cell types in different brain

• Method used Cytoarchitectonics-“cellular architecture” is the cellular composition of the body’s tissue.
• Brodmann postulated that these areas with different structures performed different functions.
• described 52 distinct cortical areas based on cell structure and arrangement using cytoarchitectonic

Question 4

Watson

Answer 4

Established the school of behaviorism, Behaviorism- purely objectively natural science
Prediction and control of behavior ( you can make predictions)
No dividing line between man and brute
conducted little albert experiment.

Question 5

Tolman

Answer 5

Tolman promoted the concept known as latent learning emonstrated that rats learned the layout of a maze, which they explored freely without reinforcement. “idea of cognitive maps.

Question 6

Helmholtz

Answer 6

He coined the term “psychophysics,” to capture the distinction between the measurement of physical stimuli and their effect on human perception. first to suggest that invertabrates would make good model systemsr

coined the term “psychophysics,” to capture the distinction between the measurement of physical stimuli and their effect on human perception.

Question 7

Hughlings-Jackson

Answer 7

Neurologist, known for his research on epilepsy, believed in localization view. . He proposed that a topographic organization in the brain, a map of the body was represented in a particular cortical area based on his work with people with epilepsyFirst to realize the feature of brain organization

Question 8

Libet

Answer 8

Readiness Potential, He found that they experience the urge to move 200 min before the onset of movemtn onset
Readiness potential indication neural event that was going to generate the will was 500 ms before the person said they wanted to press the button (I wanna press the button)
The generation of will is generated in (supplementary premotor region) generate the feel the will activity in those areas preced the feeling of I wanna press the button.
Libet’s experiments suggest to some[8] that unconscious processes in the brain are the true initiator of volitional acts, and free will therefore plays no part in their initiation

Question 9

Golgi

Answer 9

Italian developed a stain that impregnated individual neurons with silver. This stain permitted full visualization of single neurons. He described an extremely dense and intricate network, composed of a web of intertwined branches of axons coming from different cell layers (“diffuse nervous network”) He thought the brain is a single network of nerve fibres, and not of discrete cells. continuous mass of tissue. Also developed the golgi method.

Question 10

EEG (electroencephalography)

Answer 10

a method where an electrode cap measures your brain activity, measures electrical signals allows for continuous recording of overall brain activity predictable EEG signatures are associated with different behavioral states (they can detect abnormalities in brain function.Used assessment of epilepsy,

Question 11

ERP (event related potentials)

Answer 11

Tiny signal embedded in the ongoing EEG, they reflect neural activity that is specifically related to sensory, motor or cognitive events. GIves a picture of how neural activity changes over time as information is being processed by the brain.

Question 12

TMS (Transcranial magnetic stimulation)

Answer 12

allows for noninvasive stimulation of the human brain. Has been used to explore the role of many different brain areas.

Question 13

Mental Chronometry

Answer 13

Used to observe and measure mental events, Mental chronometry is studied using measurements of reaction time (RT). use of response time infer the content, duration of cognitive operations.

Question 14

Retrograde tracing technique

Answer 14

Is a research method used to trace neural connections from their point of termination (the synapse) to their source (the cell body). Allow for detailed assessment of neural connections from a single population of neurons to their various targets throughout the nervous system. They allow for the construction of a map of a circuit of interest.

Question 15

Readiness Potential

Answer 15

change in the electrical activity of the motor cortex that occurs before the subject’s conscious decision to move a muscle. Significant for its role in the study of free will. Libet concludes that we have no free will in the initiation of our movements; though. RP started about 0.35 sec earlier than the subject’s reported conscious awareness

Question 16

Latent Learning

Answer 16

Is a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response. it occurs without any obvious reinforcement of the behavior or associations that are learned. Evidence again Behaviorism S-R chain. reinforcement was not necessary for learning to occur.