Exam 1

Question 1

Primary Prevention

Answer 1

• Attempts to avert the occurrence of a negative outcome such as disease or injury
• Prevention occurs before onset of disease

Question 2

Secondary Prevention

Answer 2

• Early detection of a disease process and intervention to reverse or retard the condition from progressing
• Prevention occurs after onset of disease, but before clinical signs & symptoms start

Question 3

Tertiary Prevention

Answer 3

• Efforts to minimize negative outcomes of disease

- Prevention occurs after onset of clinical signs and symptoms

Question 4

Incidence Rate

Answer 4

A measure of risk

• the number of new cases of a disease that occur during a specified period of time in a population at risk for developing the disease..
• being an event refers to transitioning from a non-disease state to a disease state
• 3 key features:
• new case (those who became an event for the first time is counted)
• specific time period (becoming an event must occur within a defined time frame)
• population at risk (those who are not at risk are not considered part of the population)

Question 5

Calculating the incidence rate

Answer 5

• Numerator: include only those who had NEW event during specified time period
• Denominator: include only those at risk to have the event for the 1st time during specified time period

of new cases of a disease occurring in the population during a specified period of time / # of people who are at risk of developing the disease during that period of time x 1,000 (incidence rate per 1,000)

Question 6

Mortality rates

Answer 6

Measure of risk of dying or disease severity

• a good approximation of incidence
• allows tracking of disease prognosis and treatment
• most generally, refers to ALL causes mortality
• often uses population size at mid year

Question 7

Calculating Mortality rates

Answer 7

total # of deaths from all causes in 1 year / # of persons in the population at midyear x 1,000

Question 8

Case Fatality

Answer 8

Chance of dying from a specific disease if have specific disease
- not a rate, but rather a proportion. So we multiply by 100 to get a percentage

Question 9

Calculating case fatality

Answer 9

of individuals dying during a specified period of time after disease onset or diagnosis / # of individuals with specified disease x 100%

Question 10

Host

Answer 10

Infected susceptible being

Question 11

Agent

Answer 11

Infectious causing microorganisms

Question 12

Environment

Answer 12

surroundings conducive to infection

Question 13

Vector

Answer 13

transmitter of disease

Question 14

Direct transmission

Answer 14

person to person (touch, coughing, etc. )

Question 15

Indirect transmission

Answer 15

common vehicle or vector