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Toxicology Exam 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Paracelcus

A

Is is the dose that determines the poison. 1400’s to 1500’s - “on the miner’s sickness and other diseases of miners

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2
Q

Carson

A

The Silent Spring

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3
Q

Potts

A

Chimney Cleaners and scrotal cancer

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4
Q

Socrates

A

Discourse on the diseases of workers

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5
Q

Wiley Bill

A

Food and Drug admin begins

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6
Q

National Institute of Health Formed when?

A

1930

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7
Q

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide Act did what?

A

Provides for federal regulation of pesticide distribution, sale, and use

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8
Q

Delaney clause of the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act enacted when and did what?

A

1958 - banned carinogens from being added to food supply for animals and humans

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9
Q

Cuyahoga River did what and when?

A

Caught fire for the 13th time in June 1969. “oozes rather than flows.” “does not drown, but decays”

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10
Q

What is the LD50 and what does it do?

A

Its the lethal dose of 50% of people. Kills 50% of people who are poisoned.

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11
Q

What is the TD50 and what does it do?

A

Toxic 50. Makes 50% of the people who use it sick.

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12
Q

What is ED50 and what does it do?

A

Effective Dose 50. Works on 50% of people who use it.

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13
Q

What is the TI and how do you figure it out? Whats the equation?

A

Therapeutic Index. Ratio of the dose required to elicit a toxic and the dose needed to elicit a desired effect. TD50/ED50

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14
Q

What is the margin of safety, and its equation?

A

Indicator of the magnitude of difference between the undesired and desired effects. LD1/ED99

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15
Q

What are the problems with interpreting dose response curves with mouse studies for humans?

A

Differences in species. Lack of genetic variability. Different environments. Same food, inbred, other medications for humans.

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16
Q

What is the reference dose equation?

A

No Observed Adverse Effect Level divided by the uncertainty factor times the modifying factors.

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17
Q

The ADI should be how much safer for humans than mice?

A

100 times

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18
Q

Explain hormesis? What does a graph showing Hormesis look like?

A

negative effects and low and high doses, but moderate doses can provide beneficial effects. The graph has a U shape.

19
Q

What is an additive interaction?

A

Add both together and creates a total effect. 4+5=90

20
Q

What is a synergistic interaction?

A

Combine the two effects for a random number. 4+5=90

21
Q

What is a potentiation interaction?

A

One by itself but other does. One number is 0. 4+0=90.

22
Q

What is an antagonistic interaction?

A

Sum of effects is less than them by themselves. 4+5=1

23
Q

Time in Toxicology: Acute Exposure

A

Less than 24 hours (workplace = single incident/spill)

24
Q

Time in Toxicology: Subacute Exposure

A

Repeated exposure for 30 days or less (workplace = not used)

25
Q

Time in Toxicology: Subchronic

A

1 -3 months (workplace - weeks or months)

26
Q

Time in Toxicology: Chronic

A

Over 3 months (workplace - many months or years)

27
Q

Where is the no observable adverse effect level on a graph?

A

Biggest dose that is still produces 0 effects.

28
Q

Where is the lowest observable adverse effect level on a graph?

A

Point directly after 0.

29
Q

Where does a stochastic/Non-threshold graph start?

A

0

30
Q

Where does a nonstachastic/threshold graph start?

A

After 0

31
Q

What are the four routes of exposure?

A

Ingestion, Inhalation, Dermal, and Injection

32
Q

What are the steps of toxicant delivery?

A

0) Exposure 1) Delivery 2) Reaction 3) Dysfunction 4) Repair or Failure to repair

33
Q

The term absorption refers to?

A

Putting chemicals into systemic circulation

34
Q

What factors influence whether or not a chemical/toxicant is absorbed?

A

Concentration, Surface area, characteristics of epithelial layer where could be absorbed

35
Q

Hydrophilic:

A

Like mixes with like - water soluble.

36
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Like mixes with like, not water soluble

37
Q

SOAP Micelle

A

Like mixes with like, polar on outside, nonpolar on inside.

38
Q

Most toxicants cross membranes by what?

A

Simple Diffusion

39
Q

What does rate of diffusion depend on?

A

Lipid Solubility (measured by partition coefficient)

40
Q

What are some examples of specialized barriers int he body from preventing transport of harmful agents to sensitive organs?

A

Blood brain barrier, placental, Blood testitis, oocyte.

41
Q

What two organs in the body are most porous and have large fenestrae?

A

Kidneys and Liver

42
Q

What about brain barrier is unlike the kidneys or liver?

A

Tight capillaries

43
Q

What are the steps for risk assessment?

A

1) Hazard Identification 2) Dose Response Assessment 3) Exposure Assessment 4) Risk Characterizations 5) Risk Management Decisions

Toxicology Exam 1 (2 decks)

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