Exam #1 Flashcards
Decreased Dopamine
Parkinson’s disease, depression
Decreased Norepinephrine
depression
Decreased Serotonin (5-HT)
depression
Decreased Histamine (H1, H2)
sedation and weight gain
Decreased Y-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
anxiety, schizophrenia, mania, and Huntington’s disease.
Decrease Glutamate (NMDA receptors)
psychosis
Increase Glutamate (AMPA receptors)
improvement of cognitive performance in behavior task.
Decreased Acetylcholine
AZD, Huntington’s Disease
- has antidepressant and anti-anxiety effects in depression
- promotes/reinforces memory
- enhances sensitivity to pain receptors–activates
- involved in regulation of mood and anxiety, role in pain management
substance p
Decreased Somatostatin
- altered levels of cognitive disease
- Alzheimer’s Disease
- endogenous antipsychotic-like properties
- decreased levels found in spinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia
Neurotensin (NT)
Behavioral Therapist
Skinner, Watson, Pavlov
- aim is to eradicate core irrational beliefs by helping people recognize thoughts that are not accurate, sensible or useful
- thoughts tend to take the form of should (ex: I should always be polite), oughts’ (I ought to consistently win), musts (I must be thin)
- Boils down to perceiving the glass as half full or half empty
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
• Cognitive-Behavior Therapy – Theorists -
Aaron Beck
Schemas
unique assumption about themselves, others and the world in genera
Automatic Thoughts
rapid, unthinking responses based on schemas
is form of automatic response, are irrational and lead to false assumptions and misinterpretations
Cognitive Distortions
Individual Psychotherapy is an effective short term tx derived from?
Sullivan and Meyer
Goal of Individual Psychotherapy ?
to reduce or eliminate psychiatric symptoms by improving interpersonal functioning and satisfaction with social relationships
What does y-aminobutyric do?
- plays a role in inhibition, reduces aggression, excitation, and anxiety.
- May reduce role in pain perception, has anticonvulsant and muscle relaxing properties.
- anticonvulsant and muscle-relaxing properties
- may impair cognition and psychomotor functioning
Believe that thoughts come before feelings and actions, and thoughts about the world and our place in it are based on our own unique perspectives
Cognitive Theory
Interpersonal Theory theorist
Sullivan
Interpersonal Theory Defined personality as?
behavior that can be observed within interpersonal relationships
Interpersonal Theory defined anxiety as?
any painful feeling or emotion that arises from social insecurity or prevents biological needs from being satisfied
According to Freud, defense mechanisms are created by the ______ for what purpose?
- Ego
- to ward off anxiety
They deny, falsify, or distort reality to make it less threatening
defense mechanisms
According to Freud, the ID is?
- Source of all instincts, reflexes, needs, genetic inheritance, and capacity to respond, as well as all the wishes that motivate us
- If the Id is too powerful, the person will lack control over impulses
If the superego is too powerful,
the person may be self-critical and suffer from feelings of inferiority
Which theory believes:
- Personality traits and responses (good and bad) are socially learned through classical conditioning
- Believed behaviorism is more objective or measurable
- Watson’s Behaviorism Theory
Which theory states that voluntary behaviors learned through consequences and elicited through reinforcement (positive or negative)
Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs?
- Physiological needs: food, oxygen, sleep, water, sex, body temp
- Safety needs: Security, protection, freedom from fear, anxiety, and chaos, and the need for law, order, and limits
- Belonging and love needs: Family, home, identifiable group
- Esteem needs: self-regard, reflect it to others
- Self-actualization: Human beings are preset to strive to be everything they are capable of becoming
- Self-transcendence
What would be the reasons for someone to undergo an involuntary admission?
- Imminent danger of harming self.
- Imminent danger of harming others.
- Unable to care for basic needs, placing individual at imminent risk of harming self.
- Abstract vs. Concrete thinking (Piaget):
- Abstract- does not exist in a particular time or place, involves a mental process
- Concrete- involves facts and descriptions about every day, tangible objects
An unshakable theory or belief in something false and impossible, despite evidence to the contrary.
Delusion
false sensory perception without an external stimulus that can result in a positive or negative experience.
Hallucinations
seeing something that isn’t really there or hearing noises or voices that do not actually exist are examples of?
hallucinations
Risk Factors for suicide?
- Lethal suicide plan.
- History of suicide attempt.
- Co-occurring psychiatric and medical illness.
- History of child abuse/family history.
- Isolation, unemployment
- Stressful life events.
- Hopelessness, panic attack.
Increased Dopamine levels are seen in which psychiatric disorders?
Schizophrenia, mania
Increased dopamine
schizophrenia, mania
Increased Norepinephrine
mania, anxiety, schizophrenia
Increased Serotonin (5-HT)
anxiety states
Increase in GABA
reduction in anxiety.
Prolonged increase state of NMDA?
can be neurotoxic; neurodegeneration in AZD
Increased AcH
depression
Increased Somatostatin
Huntington’s Disease
