Exam 1 Flashcards
mitosis
process by which body cells replicate for growth and development and cell replacement of an organism
meiosis
process by which gametes are formed for the reproduction of the organism
gestational period
9 months (38-42 weeks)
implantation
begins 6 days after fertilization
Stages of prenatal development
ovum (conception - 14 days)
embryo (2 wks - 8wks)
fetus (9 wks - end of pregnancy)
endoderm
inner germ layer, epithelial inner linings of GI and respiratory tracts, endocrine glands, and auditory canal
yolk sac
aids in transfer of maternal nutrients and O2 to embryo before placenta forms
decidua
uterine lining during pregnancy; provides nutritional support for developing embryo before placenta; has a fetal side and maternal side
decidua vera
aka parietalis; lines the remainder of the uterus; “the walls of a house”
decidua basalis
portion of the decidua where implantation (nidation) takes place; the base; chorionic villi anchored here
decidua capsularis
portion that covers blastocyst after implantation; fuses with chorion as pregnancy advances; covers the embryo as it bulges into the uterine cavity; “the roof”
chorion
OUTER membrane which blends with fetal portion of placenta
amnion
INNER membrane which blends with the fetal umbilical cord
mesoderm
connective tissue, teeth (except for enamel), muscles, blood, and vascular systems
ectoderm
outside germ layer, skin, nails, nervous system, and teeth enamel
first organ system to function in the developing human
cardiovascular system
hemodynamics
blood flows from area of higher pressure to lower pressure
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
preserves function of ovarian corpus luteum to ensure sufficient levels of EST. and PROGEST. to maintain pregnancy
-miscarriage occurs if this stops before placenta produces sufficient est. & progest.
estrogen
stimulates uterine growth and extra-placental blood flow
progesterone
maintains endometrium; decreases contractility of uterus; stimulates maternal metabolism and development of breast alveoli
fetal viability
capacity of fetus to live outside of uterus at earliest gestational age (usually 20+ weeks after conception, 500 g or more)
gravidity
of pregnancies REGARDLESS OF OUTCOME
parity
of pregnancies carried to 20 weeks (regardless of outcome, i.e. stillbirth)
G’T’PAL
of pregnancies carried to term, 37+ weeks gestation
GTP’A’L
of abortions, spontaneous or therapeutic, before 20 weeks
GTPA’L’
of currently living children
Nagele’s Rule
day of LMP - 3 months + 7 days + 1 YEAR = due date
iron
best absorbed between meals with calcium; 30 mg/day; red meat, beef liver, fish, poultry, dried peas, beans, seafood, dark leafy greens, iron-fortified cereals
folic acid
600 mg/day; lentils, dried beans, peas, nuts, avocado, dark leafy greens, citrus fruits and juices
calcium
essential for absorption/metabolism of Vitamin D; 1000 mg/day; milk, fortified OJ, veggies, dark leafy greens, legumes, fortified soy milk
protein
71 mg/day
typical changes in maternal VS
Hgb: 11+ Hct: 33+ Platelets: 150,000-400,000 3-5 days after birth, then increases rapidly WBCs: 5,000-15,000 Plasma: 2400 (40-50% increase)
toxoplasmosis
caused by cat litter, raw uncooked meat, unpasteurized milk
Group Beta Streptococcus
leading cause of life-threatening perinatal infections
- transmission occurs during vaginal delivery
- permanent neurological disability can result
Haegar’s sign
softening and compression of lower uterus at 6-12 weeks
Chadwick’s sign
deepened violet bluish color of cervix and vaginal mucosa at 6-8 weeks
Goodell’s sign
increased softening of cervical tip at 5th week
ballottement
rebound of unengaged fetus
Braxton-Hicks contractions
“false labor” ; painless, irregular, usually relieved by walking
home pregnancy test
look for hCG; can be detected 7-10 days after conception; most accurate to use first voided specimen in the AM
ultrasounds
can confirm pregnancy at 5-6 weeks
x-ray
can confirm pregnancy at 16 weeks
certified nurse-midwife
RN’s with education in the two disciplines of nursing and midwifery
-Master’s level
Direct entry Midwives
Trained in midwifery schools, colleges, or universities; a nursing degree is not required; bachelor’s level
obstetrician
See low and high risk pregnant women for care that involves pharmacological and medical management of problems, as well as use of technological procedures
physician
Provide care for primarily low-risk pregnant women and refer high-risk women to obstetricians
doula
trained to provide physical, emotional, and informational support to women and their partners during L&D; NOT involved with clinical tasks
amniocentesis
done between 13th and 24th weeks of pregnancy; amniotic fluid drawn out and tested for alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
chorionic villi sampling
done b/w 10th and 12th week of pregnancy; tests for chromosomal abnormalities
percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS)
tested fetal blood for chromosomes in cases where results are needed STAT and/or when amniocentesis or CVS test results are ambiguous
weight gain for normal BMI
25-35 lbs
weight gain for overweight BMI
15-25 lbs
weight gain for underweight BMI
28-40 lbs
weight gain for multiples (twins +)
35-45 lbs
hyperemesis gravidarum
prolonged, severe N/V in pregnancy that leads to dehydration, ketonuria, electrolyte imbalances, and weight loss
pyrosis
caused by PROGESTERONE decreasing smooth muscle contractility
operculum
mucous plug; develops from leucorrhea to prevent bacteria entry
leucorrhea
whitish vaginal discharge
chloasma
blotchy spots of darker skin; common skin change in pregnancy
epulis
“pregnancy tumor”; lesion identical to a pyogenic granuloma that only occurs during pregnancy
diastasis recti abdominis
the large abdominal muscles separate during pregnancy
ptyalism
hypersalivation
acroesthesia
excessive physical sensitivity, esp. of the skin
