EXAM 1 Flashcards
Pacemaker Neuron
produces AP all by themselves through LEAKING sodium (ex: cardiac cells in amphibians)
Sensory Cells (Neurons)
rods, cones, etc. that are effected by vibration, temp, pressure, etc.
Physical stimuli that causes sodium to rush INTO the cell
Synapse
chemical aspect in electrochemical machine: one neuron influencing the next neuron
Impulse-Release Coupling
AP (@axon hillock) –> axon –> synaptic vesicles at terminal bouton –> synaptic vesicles fuse with membrane and releases neurotransmitter into synaptic gap –> ion channel opens (if neurotransmitter is right size + orientation) –> ion channel opens and ions of the right size and shape leak
Oligodendrocytes
neuroglia with fewer branches in the CNS that are myelinated with white matter
sends info 10x faster
keeps signal distinct
colocalization
how neurons can do different things based on location and time
Medulla oblongata
vital functions: Heart Rate Diaphragm (Breathing) Blood Pressure Muscle tone Rem Cycle (nonvital but important)
What is the glycine clutch? What is responsible for its release?
Medulla Oblongata releases it during REM-cycle so that you don’t move and get yourself killed
Sleep Paralysis
when glycine clutch doesn’t turn off right away
How do opiates affect the brain differently than THC?
It takes mere DAYS to get addicted to opiates and oxy –> after you get cut off, you need something to replace it (HEROIN AND FENTALYN)
These drugs bind in the Medulla Oblongata, reducing breathing rate and killing neurons (and you)
THC doesn’t bind in the MO
Terms of movement
Kinesia: movement
Akinesia: no movement
Bradykinesia: slow movement
How much of your substantia nigra can you lose before symptoms of this disease shows up?
You can lose 65% of your SN before you get symptoms of Parkinsons – most people don’t get help until 80% because the brain is great at coping (creates more dopamine neurotransmitters and connections to the striatum)
How is addiction related to epigenetics?
Addiction doesn’t change the structure of DNA, but rather the epigenetics (ex: your DNA opened to make two feet, and then that DNA portion closed cause you don’t want extras)
This is why certain drugs like cocaine and opiates are so dangerous: they physiologically change the brain through epigenetics, and you can’t go back
Hypothalamus
Controls Autonomic Nervous system
(Parasympathetic V Sympathetic)
Maintains homeostasis with the Four F’s (feeding, fighting, fleeing, and mating) through energy level, fluid levels, temp, and mating selection
Parasympathetic
“Rest and Digest”
absorbs energy from food and breaks it down
V active in GI tract and when you sit down
Sympathetic Branch
Fight or Flight (men); Tend and Befriend (females)
Half as active in men than women (that’s why when you think the argument is over, it’s NOT)
Hormonal System
Pituary gland (brain's master gland) releases a bunch of hormones and pre-hormones slave to the hypothalamus
Sexual Dimorphic Nucleus
Plays a role in mate selection, females are half the size of males.
Within 153 mammalian species observed, 5-8% of the males are GAYYYYYYYYYYYYY
Limbic System
Set of brain structures (amydala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, limbic midbrain, etc) located on both sides of thalamus underneath cerebellum
Responsible for emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction
Temporal lobe
part of limbic system that gets the general input of the brain (guy in video overwhelmed by everything after car accident)
Cerebral Cortex
16 Billion neurons
eye F.a.P. T.O.
Frontal Lobe
Largest
Where most dopamine sensitive neurons exist
*Muscle Contractions
Has Prefrontal Cortex (Dorsal Lateral and Ventrial Medial)
Parietal Lobe
Somasensory Cortex (all the senses)
touch, temp, pain, and kinesthesia (sensation or perception of motion)
Electricity/voltage –> creates AP in brain
Temporal Lobe
Auditory Cortex (organized tonotopically), visual, language recognition, and new memory
Occipital Lobe
Visual cortex (how lights, colors, patterns, etc. are perceived)
Learning
Relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge due to experience
Habituation
Decline in tendency to respond to stimulus that has become familiar due to repeated exposure
Hyperekplexia
DNA mutation for glycine receptor in spinal cord that disables the ability to habituate
Willhelm Wundt
Structuralism
PARTS of the consciousness (through introspection)
“Tried to determine basic building blocks of thoughts and actions to understand consciousness better”
Ex: Sugar Cube, metronome
William James
Functionalism
Consciousness as a whole (stream of consciousness)
includes thought processes and emotions
John Watson
Behaviorist
Stimuli –> Black Box –> Response
BF Skinner
Fundamental Behavior
“Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes and not repeat responses that lead to negative or neutral responses”
Gestalt Psychology
The whole has a reality of its own –> :^D
Freud
Psychoanalysis
Vienna Women on couches for 40 years
*idea most famous for: the unconscious (thoughts, ideas, desires, etc., that are mostly sexual lie under conscious and has great affects on our actions)
Technically Behaviorist, but none of his major theories supported, and he’s more important for the Arts, Literature, and Philosophy
Humanists
Pushes against Behavorism and Freud, we’re more than stimuli + response and sexual urges
“Emphasizes unique qualities of humans like freedom and personal growth”
science doesn’t really support it and doesn’t really explain behavior, but v popular cause it makes u feel good
Experimental Psych NOW
Cognitive Social Developmental Evolutionary Neuroscience
Applied Psych NOW
Clinical Psych (understands, evaluates, diagnoses, and treats)
Counseling Psych
Education/School (student tests, teacher training, counselling, improving curriculum)
Industrial and Organizational (improving moral attitude, HR, productivity, reduce job stress)
Naturalistic Observations
“subject behavior’s observed in environment where behavior naturally occurs”
ex: jane goodall
advantage: v accurate
disadvantage: observer expectancy effect; representative sample
Observer expectancy effect
where researcher’s cognitive bias causes them to subconsciously influence participants
Case Studies
“in-depth investigation of an individual study”
ex: 16 guys on death row
Advantage: SO. MANY, DETAILS,
Disadvantage: might not be representative, observer expectancy effect (one or two people observing all this info, might be tweaked)
Survey + Psychologist Tests
“Structured Questionnaires designed to take info”
Advantages: easy to do, can get info quickly
Disadvantages: poorly constructed questionnaires hard to correct and are common; accuracy depends on willingness
Correlation
Combination of Case studies, surveys + psychology tests, and naturalistic observations
“Correlation does not necessarily infer causation”
lurking variable
Two main region where neurogenesis occurs
Hippocampus (new mems) and olfactory system (ur nose cells die a lot)
THREE SYMPTOMS OF DAMAGED CEREBELLUM
ATAXIA: gross disturbances in movement and thoughts
DISDADOCOKINESIS: “bad to choreograph back and forth movement” – ex: you can’t clap hands together accurately
INTENTIONAL TREMOR: when brain isn’t targeting movement correctly so when you aren’t at rest the body region starts to shake and get worse
Vagus Nerve IX
Motor Portion: controls heart/heart rate, digestion, and other organs
Sensory Portion: brings in information (hunger, pain, etc) (goes down from Medula and neck, poor design)
