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Veterinary Pharmacology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

innervates organs with
involuntary functions

Ex. Cardiac muscle (myocardium), smooth muscle (blood vessel
walls, GIT), and secretory cells (glands).

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2
Q

somatic nervous system

A

innervates organs with
voluntary function

Ex. Skeletal muscle, voluntary sphincter tone, portions of the
respiratory system

—> This is under conscious control

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3
Q

Autonomic function

A

no direct control

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4
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System Originates in the CNS and has both Parasympathetic and Sympathetic pathways.

Parasympathetic Characteristics Are…

A

CNS ————————-> PNS ——>Effector organ

  • Fiber lengths
    —> Prostganglionic Short
  • Anatomic Origin
    —> Crainosacral
  • Neurotransmitters
    —> Preganglionic = Acetylcholine (Nicotinic)
    —> Postganglionic = Acetlycholine (Muscarinic)
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5
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System Originates in the CNS and has both Parasympathetic and Sympathetic pathways.

Sympathetic Characteristics are….

A

CNS——->PNS——————————>Effector Organ
OR
CNS——->Adrenal Medulla __________>Effector Organ
(Blood Stream)

-Fiber lengths
—>Preganglionic Short

-Anatomic origin
—>Thoracolumbar

-Neurotransmitters
—>Preganglionic = Acetylcholine
—>Postganglionic = Norepinephrine

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6
Q

Neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine

A

Released from presynaptic neuron

  • Preganglionic neurons (SNS, PSNS)
  • Post-ganglionic terminal (PSNS)
  • Somatic terminal (NMJ)

Broken down by cholinesterases

  • Acetylcholinesterase (in synapse)
  • Pseudocholinesterases (plasma/other tissues)
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7
Q

Neurotransmitters

Norepinephrine & Epinephrine

A
  • Norepinephrine released from
    synaptic nerve endings
  • Epinephrine released from adrenal
    glands
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8
Q

PNS Receptor

Cholinergic

A

Nictinic

Muscarinic

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9
Q

PNS Receptors

Adrenergic

A

Alpha
Beta
Dopminergic

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10
Q

Other PNS Receptor

A

Vasopressin

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11
Q

Acetylcholine (Ach) —> Agonist

A

Nicotinic (ionotropic receptors)
- Several subtypes of nicotinic receptor have been cloned
—NsubM (Neuromuscular junction- NMJ)
—NsubN (CNS and autonomic ganglia)

Muscarinic (metabotropic receptors)
- Parasympathomimetic effects
—Five subtypes (M1 - M5)
—-M1, M3, and M5 stimulatory 
—-M2 and M4 inhibitory
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12
Q

Muscarinic Receptors

M1

A

Most Common Locations
- GIT smooth m.
—- ↑ Gastric secretion
—- Smooth m. contraction

  • Urinary bladder smooth m.
    —Contraction of the detrusor m.
  • Myocardium
    —- ↓ Heart Rate
  • Exocrine Glands
    —- ↑ Exocrine secretions
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13
Q

Muscarinic Receptors

SLUDD Signs

A 
S alavation
L acraination
U rination
D igestion
D efecation
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14
Q

Adrenergic Receptors

Catacholamines (Epi/Norepi/Dopamine)—>Agonists

Alpha and Beta Receptors

A
  • Metabolized by g-coupled receptors

Alpha 1
Alpha 2

Beta 1
Beta 2

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15
Q

Alpha 1

A
  • Most Common
  • Vascular smooth m.
  • Vasoconstriction
  • ↑ Blood pressure (MAP)
  • Mydriasis
  • Sphincter contraction
    —- Urinary bladder
    —- GI tract
  • Glycogenolysis
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16
Q

Alpha 2

A
  • Brain & spinal cord
  • Vascular endothelium
  • Endocrine organs
  • ↓ Insulin
  • ↓ Renin
  • ↓ NE release
  • ↓ Pancreatic secretion
17
Q

Beta 1

A
  • Myocardium
  • Adipose tissue
  • ↑ Heart rate
  • ↑ Cardiac contractility
  • Lipolysis
  • Smooth m. relaxation
  • ↑ Renin  ↑ BP
18
Q

Beta 2

A
  • Airway smooth m.
  • Vascular smooth m.
  • Bronchodilation
  • Vasodilation
  • Smooth m. relaxation
  • ↑ Blood to skeletal m.
  • Cycloplegia
  • Glycogenolysis
  • ↑ Insulin
  • ↑ NE release
19
Q

Vasopressin Receptors

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

OR

Arginine Vasopressin (AVP)

20
Q

ADH and AVP facts

A

—-> Lysine vasopressin (pigs)

  • Synthesized in hypothalamus
    —-> 9-amino-acid-glycopeptide with disulfide bond
  • Stored in posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
  • Released from vesicles into circulation in response to extracellular fluid hypertonicity
21
Q

Vasopressin Receptors

A

V1

V2

V3

22
Q

Vasopressin Receptor Main Effects

A
  • Increases the amount of solute-free water reabsorbed back into circulation by renal tubular cells -> main site of action is collecting ducts
  • Arteriolar vasoconstriction -> increases peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) & mean arterial blood pressure (MAP)
23
Q

V1

A
  • Vascular smooth m.
    —- Vasoconstriction
    —- Preferentially shunts blood to CNS & heart
  • Platelets
    —- Aggregation
  • Juxtoglomerular cells
    —- Inhibits renin release
24
Q

V2

A
  • Renal collecting ducts
    —- ↑ water permeability, aquaporins
    —- ↑ urea ports
  • Endothelial cells
    —- vWF release
  • Platelets
    —- Aggregation
  • Vascular endothelium
    —- Vasodilation
25
Q

V3

A
  • Pituitary gland
    —- Negative feedback for ADH
    -——↑ vasopressin will cause ↓ ADH release
  • Stimulates ACTH release
26
Q

Autonomic Drugs are Classified as Either:

A

Mimetics: Drugs that simulate (mimic) autonomic input or effects.
—> Parasympathomimetics (parasympathetic signs)
—> Sympathomimetics (sympathetic signs)

Lytics: Drugs that block (lyse) autonomic input or effects
—> Parasympatholytic (sympathetic signs)
—> Sympatholytic (parasympathetic signs)

27
Q

General Mechanisms of Action of Drugs
Autonomic Drugs

Direct-Acting

A
  • Agonists and antagonists
  • Act directly on the receptor
    • Ex. cholinergic agonist, adrenergic antagonist -> both will result in net parasympathomimetic signs
28
Q

General Mechanisms of Action of Drugs
Autonomic Drugs

Indirect-Acting

A
  • Non-receptor interactions
    • Ex. acetylcholinesterase inhibitors -> inhibits the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of Ach -> results in Ach buildup & net parasympathomimetic signs
29
Q

The EYE

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

A

Sympathetic:

  • Relaxation of ciliary muscle (far vision)
  • Contraction of the iris radial muscle (mydriasis)
  • Decrease aqueous humor production

Parasympathetic:

  • Contraction of ciliary muscle (lens accommodation for near vision)
  • Contraction of the iris sphincter muscle (miosis)
30
Q

The HEART

A

Sympathetic (β-1):

  • Increased heart rate (tachycardia, positive chrontropy)
  • Increased contractility (positive inotropy)
  • Increased automaticity and conduction of AV node (positive dromotropy)

Parasympathetic (M1):

  • Decreased heart rate (bradycardia, negative chronotropy)
  • Decreased contractility (negative inotropy)
  • Decreased AV node conduction (negative dromotropy)
31
Q

The Vasculature

A

Sympathetic:
(α-1 & V1) - Vasoconstriction

(β-2 & V2) - Vasodilation

(α-2) - Various (vasoconstriction or vasodilation)

Parasympathetic:
- Indirect vasodilation through release of NO (nitric oxide)

32
Q

The LUNG

A 
Sympathetic: 
(β-2) 
- Bronchodilation 
- Increase in cilia synchronicity 
(β-1) 
- Increase pulmonary blood flow

Parasympathetic:

  • Bronchoconstriction
  • Increase respiratory secretions
33
Q

The GI Tract

A 
Sympathetic: 
(α-1, β-1, β-2) 
- Decrease motility 
- Closure of  sphincters & increased tone 
- Inhibit secretion

Parasympathetic:
(M1)
- Increase motility - Relaxation of sphincters & decreased tone
- Stimulate secretion

34
Q

The URINARY BLADDER

A

Sympathetic:
(β-2) - Relaxation of detrusor muscle
(α-1) - Contraction of internal urethral sphincter

Parasympathetic:
(M1)
- Contraction of detrusor muscle
- Relaxation of internal urethral sphincter

35
Q

DRUGS

ParasympathoMIMETICS

Direct Acting

A

Choline Esters

—> Bethanechol

36
Q

DRUGS

ParasympathoMIMETICS

Indirect Acting

A

Reversible Cholinesterase Inhibitors
—> Neostigmine
—> Edrophonium
—> Pyridostigmine

37
Q

DRUGS

ParasympathoLYTICS

Direct Acting

A

Atropine
Glycopyrrolate
Oxybutynin
Propantheline

Veterinary Pharmacology (1 decks)

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