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Neurobiology of Autism > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of scientific papers

A
  • Peer reviewed manuscripts
  • Invited manuscripts
  • Book chapters
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2
Q

What are the classical features of autism?

A
  • deficits in communication
  • repetitive interests and behaviors
  • abnormalities in reciprocal social interaction
  • developmental origin
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3
Q

Core symptoms of ASD

A
  • atypical reciprocal social interactions
  • delayed and distorted language
  • restricted repertoire of interests
  • symptoms may fluctuate
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4
Q

ASD disorders - list them

A
  • autistic disorder
  • asperger syndrome
  • pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
  • rett syndrome
  • childhood disintegrative disorder
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5
Q

autistic disorder

A

6 symptoms for 3 domains of funtioning

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6
Q

asperger syndrome

A
  • intact language

- 2 symptoms in social domain and 1 symptom in restricted interests

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7
Q

PDD-NOS

A

met only a few of autistic disorder criteria

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8
Q

rett syndrome

A
  • females only - rare
  • loss of social interactions and purposeful hand movements
  • mental retardation and delayed language
  • due to a mutation
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9
Q

Childhood disintegrative disorder

A

impairment in 2 of the 3 domains of ASD

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10
Q

Other related behaviors to ASD

A
  • sensory sensitivity
  • motor impairments
  • ADHD symptoms
  • sleep and eating problems
  • seizure disorders and/or gastrointestinal disorders
  • self-injurious behaviors (frustration)
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11
Q

Environmental factors of ASD

A
  • infectious disease in first trimester
  • complications during pregnancy
  • exposure to teratogens during embryonic stage
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12
Q

Genetic factors of ASD

A

-single genes/multiple genes

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13
Q

What can biomarkers be used to do?

A
  • identify risk factors
  • Improve diagnosis
  • Develop personalized treatment plans
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14
Q

Define epigenetic

A

the study of how our experiences may affect our DNA

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15
Q

DNA modifications

A

-Environmental factors

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16
Q

Types of experiences that can lead to sustained changes in neurobiology and behavior

A
  • prenatal stress
  • infant separation
  • nurturing caregiver
  • caregivemaltreatment
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17
Q

What are some of the chromosomal abnormalities that can lead to the development of autism?

A
  • Chromosome 15
  • Chromosome 7
  • Chromosomes 2, 22, and 8
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18
Q

What is sig about chrom 15?

A
  • associated with severe mental retardation

- associated with autism and Angelman syndrome

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19
Q

What is sig about chrom 7

A
  • Inversion or deletion linked with autism

- —ASD or language impairments

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20
Q

What is sig about chrom’s 2, 22, and 8?

A

-Associated with ASD

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21
Q

Define social cognition

A

study of how people or animals process social information

-especially in its encoding, storage, retrieval, and application to social situations

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22
Q

Define social neuroscience

A

Study of neural structures or neural circuits that support social cognitive processes

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23
Q

Mechanisms needed for social competence - infancy to childhood

A
  • eye gaze monitoring

- joint attention

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24
Q

Mechanisms needed for social competence - childhood to adulthood

A
  • imitation
  • theory of mind
  • empathy
  • deception
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25
Q

Gaze following development - list in order

A
  1. Mutual vs averted gaze
  2. Gaze following
  3. Joint attention
  4. Shared attention
  5. Mental state attribution or theory of mind
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26
Q

Describe Gaze following

A

Individual A detects that B’s gaze is not directed towards them, and follows the line of sight of B onto a point in space

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27
Q

Describe Joint Attention

A

Same as gaze following, except that there is a focus of attention (such as an object), so that indiv.s A and B are looking at the same object

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28
Q

Describe shared attention

A

A combination of mutual attention and joint attention and joint attention, where the focus of individual A and B’s attention is on the object of joint focus and each other
-i.e. I know you’re looking at X, and you know that I’m looking at X

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29
Q

Describe Mental state attribution or theory of mind

A

Prob uses a combination of diff types of gaze following and other higher-order cognitive strategies

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30
Q

Define reflexive attention - what pathway?

A

Subcortical visual pathway

-each of the parts can modulate processing in other parts of the brain and thus influence attention

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31
Q

Define cognitive control of attention

A

Late developing cortical systems critical for object perception and recognition, gaze and body motion, and control of spatial attention

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32
Q

Define Ventral

A

Vision for perception

-object perception

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33
Q

Define Dorsal

A

Vision for action

-visuospatial discrimination

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34
Q

Define Motion

A

Eye gaze, body motion

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35
Q

What is the function of the frontoparietal network?

A

Mediates orienting decisions -> balances costs and benefits of attention shifts

36
Q

Define social orienting

A

The predisposition or bias to preferentially seek out social info in the world around us

37
Q

Define social reward

A

Take process from social interactions

38
Q

Define social maintaining

A

The continual process to foster and maintain social bonds

39
Q

Define symbolic play

A

Representational play

40
Q

Define Theory of Mind

A

Ability to infer mental states and use this info to understand and predict future behavior

41
Q

What are some examples of social cognition?

A
  • reading faces
  • recognizing emotional expressions
  • eye gaze monitoring
  • joint attention, etc
42
Q

What are some behavioral manifestations? Define them.

A
  • Social orienting -> bias to preferentially seek out social info in the world around us
  • Seeking-liking -> incentive value of social reward stimuli
  • Social maintaining -> continual process to foster and maintain social bonds
  • Proximate level -> level of the individual
  • Ultimate level -> Evolutionary reason
43
Q

Define liking in terms of reward

A

pleasure of reward

44
Q

Define wanting in terms of reward

A

incentive salience of the reward

-how far are you willing to go to seek it out (i.e. 11 mins for doughnuts)

45
Q

Define dyadic. When are early dyadic interactions normally a reward?

A

child-other

-From birth, infants prefer direct over averted gaze

46
Q

What are some of the social deficits in autism?

A
  • Emotional recognition and expression
  • Facial recognition
  • Imitation
  • Impairments in play and language
47
Q

Describe the social deficit of imitation

A

Infants tend to imitate facial expressions

  • Important for non-verbal communication skills, social learning, and play
  • basic imitation i.e. babbling
48
Q

Describe the social deficit of Impairments in play and language

A

Children w/ASD usually lack symbolic play

-Can do it, but usually delayed, less diverse, and less elaborative

49
Q

Define sig of False Belief Test

A

Children with ASD may be capable to carry out some of the deficits, they are just not motivated to do so
-They see no reward in it

50
Q

Main deficits developmental course

A
  • Early onset -> most common

- Regression -> appears around age 1.5-2

51
Q

Early symptoms of the main deficits - main developmental delays

A
  • Social orienting
  • Joint attention
  • Facial recognition
  • Imitation
  • Symbolic play
  • Response to emotion
52
Q

State one way treatment used to enhance motivation

A

Oxytocin -> important for bonding, or “social reward”

53
Q

Transverse

A

horizontal plane

54
Q

Coronal

A

Frontal

55
Q

Seven divisions of CNS - list them

A
  • Cerebral hemisphere
  • Diencephalon
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla
  • Spinal cord
  • Cerebellum
56
Q

Parts and functions of the cerebral hemisphere

A
  • Cerebral cortex: four lobes
  • Hippocampus: learning and memory processes
  • Amygdala: regulation of emotions -> response to stressful and threatening situations
  • Basal ganglia: Higher brain functions (i.e. control of movements, emotions, and cognition)
57
Q

Diencephalon - parts and functions

A
  • Thalamus: A relay station for info on its way to the cerebral cortex
  • Hypothalamus: Integrates functions of the autonomic nervous system (i.e. hunger, thirst, body temp.)
  • —Controls endocrine hormone release from pituitary gland
58
Q

Brain stem - function and parts

A

Regulates arousal

  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla
59
Q

Spinal cord - what is special about it?

A

Clear external segmental organization

-embryonic origins

60
Q

Cerebellum - function

A
  • Regulates movements of eyes and limbs

- Helps us to maintain equilibrium (posture and balance)

61
Q

Name the 5 lobes of the hemispheres - list and state basic functions

A
  • Frontal: planning and execution of motor movements; language (broca’s area); higher cognitive functions
  • Parietal: mediates somatosensory inputs
  • —i.e. touch, cold, pressure, etc.
  • Temporal: vision and audition
  • ——wernick’s area -> perception of language
  • Occipital: vision
  • Limbic: regulation of emotions
62
Q

What are the subcortical structures within the temporal lobe? Also state function

A
  • Hippocampus -> memory functions

- Amygdala -> regulation of emotions

63
Q

Thalamus

A

sensory gateway

64
Q

Basal ganglia

A

movement, reward

65
Q

Hypothalamus

A

regulation of body function

66
Q

Amygdala

A

emotion

67
Q

Hippocampus

A

memory

68
Q

Cerebellum

A

coordinates voluntary movements

69
Q

Wernick’s area

A

perception of language

70
Q

Broca’s area

A

production of language

71
Q

Globus Pallidus

A

regulates involuntary movement

72
Q

Putamen

A

feedback loop that prepares and aids in movement of limbs

73
Q

Lateral ventricle

A

Contains cerebrospinal fluid that acts as cushioning for the brain
-also helps to circulate and remove waste

74
Q

Anterior commisure

A

Pain sensation -> acute, sharp pain

75
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Brain function

-i.e. eye movement, motor planning, reward-seeking, learning, and addiction

76
Q

Meninges - what are they?

A

3 layers that cover the central nervous system

-Dura mater > arachnoid > Pia mater

77
Q

Name and define the processes associated with prenatal brain development

A
  • Neurulation: formation of neural tube
  • –fusion of neural plate
  • Neurogenesis: formation of the neurons
  • Synaptogenesis: formation of the synapses
  • Myelination: formation of the white matter around the axons
78
Q

Postnatal brain development

A 
Start of:
-competitive elimination
Continuation/end of:
-programmed cell death
-myelination
-dendritic and axonal arborization (dramatic increase)
79
Q

Major brain structures derived from forebrain

A
  • Telencephalon -> cerebral hemispheres

- Diencephalon -> thalamus and hypothalamus

80
Q

Major brain structures derived from midbrain

A

-Midbrain

81
Q

Major brain structures derived from hindbrain

A
  • Metencephalon -> cerebellum and pons

- Myelencephalon -> medulla and spinal cord

82
Q

Define postnatal experience-expectant processes

A

Corresponds to critical or sensitive periods

  • Brain is primed to receive particular classes of info from the environment
  • —brain builds an overabundance of synapses that are pruned back by experience
83
Q

Define postnatal experience-dependent process

A
  • Synapse formation involves brain’s adaptation to info that is unique to the individual
  • Formation of new neural connections
84
Q

What are the patterns of postnatal development of grey matter?

A
  • Reaches a peak at different periods depending on the lobes

- –Tends to follow an “inverted U” developmental course

85
Q

What are the patterns of postnatal development of white matter?

A
  • Increases continuously until young adulthood

- –Tends to increase in a linear fashion throughout childhood and adolescence

Neurobiology of Autism (2 decks)

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