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Soils 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of soil

A

Is a dynamic natural body composed of Air, Water, Organic Matter, Minerals

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2
Q

Compositions of a normal soil

A

25% water
25% Air
5% Organic Materials
45% Minerals

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3
Q

5 factors of soil formation

A 
Climate
Parent material
Time
Topography 
Biota
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4
Q

Primary succession

A

Lichens appear with mosses, break down rocks, small grasses start to appear, more organic material and larger root system grasses appear with shrubs and trees and forests appear

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5
Q

4 ways soils can be moved

A

Ice
Gravity
Water
Wind

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6
Q

Ice

A

Terminal Moraine

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7
Q

Water

A

Alluvium

Marine

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8
Q

Gravity

A

Colluvium

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9
Q

Bedrock

A

Residual

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10
Q

Wind

A

Eolian

Loess

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11
Q

4 soil forming processes

A

Additions: Organic material build up (forests)
Losses: Loss of soil (erosion)
Translocation: Soil shifting/moving(weathering)
Transformation: Soil changes based on parent material (water evaporation)

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12
Q

Know your horizons in order

A 
O
A
E
B
C
R
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13
Q

O characteristics

A

Which is a humus or organic layer

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14
Q

A characteristics

A
  • Which is considered to be the mineral organic layer.

* Which horizon is considered to be top soil.

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15
Q

E characteristics

A

Which horizon is not always present and is made up of components and not susceptible to leaching

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16
Q

B characteristics

A
  • Which horizon is associated with an increase of clay content
  • Which horizon (besides O and E) may not be present in an entisol
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17
Q

C characteristics

A

Which is an I consolidated parent material

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18
Q

R characteristics

A

Bedrock

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19
Q

3 physical properties

A

Color
Texture
Structure

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20
Q

Soil separates

A

Clay- Smooth
Silt- Fine
Sand- Gritty

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21
Q

Clay characteristics

A
  • High water holding capacity
  • Good for building lagoons, ponds landfills
  • Best for most septic systems
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22
Q

Sand characteristics

A
  • Low water holding capacity

* Good aeration

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23
Q

Silt characteristics

A
  • High susceptibility to wind erosion

* Low strength

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24
Q

Soil filth qualities that affect it

A

Good water capacity
Good nutrient capacity
Good drainage

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25
Q

Review conservation tillage terms

A

Fallow is letting soil go without tillage, preparing for crop growth for 1 seasons it is used to put nutrients back into the ground

26
Q

Macro-pores

A

Larger than .08mm

27
Q

Micropores

A

Smaller than .08 mm

28
Q

6 levels of soil taxonomic system

A 
Order
Suborder
Group
Great group
Family 
Series
29
Q

Entisols

A

Little if any profile development, very young

30
Q

Inceptisols

A

Young profile development (B horizon) has began

31
Q

Mollisols

A

Dark prairie soils, high fertility

32
Q

Alfisols

A

High base, shallow soils, Mediterranean climates

33
Q

Ultisols

A

Forested, subtropical soils

34
Q

Vertisols

A

Dark swelling clay

35
Q

Aridisols

A

Dry soils, semi-arid climates

36
Q

Spodosols

A

Wet, acidic soil E horizon

37
Q

Histosols

A

Organic soils

38
Q

Andisols

A

Volcanic soils

39
Q

Oxisols

A

Highly weathered, oxidized soils, tropical rain forests

40
Q

Gelisols

A

Young soil characterized by a permafrost layer

41
Q

What is the maximum amount of sand a silt loam can have?

A

49%

42
Q

Which is the most important factor in soil formation

A

Climate

43
Q

Name 1 macro-fauna and 1 micro fauna important to soil development

A

Macro fauna- worms

Micro fauna- bacteria

44
Q

Give at least 3 characteristics of the previous soil series. Which soil order does it belong to? (Mollisols)

A

Great for agriculture
More of a silt mixture loam
Moderate pH level

45
Q

Give at least 3 characteristics of the previous soil series. Which soil order does it belong to? (Ultisols)

A

Low pH
Holds heat
More silt

46
Q

Which soil order is responsible for the productive wheat crop on the pacific NW

A

Andisols

47
Q

Which soil order is prone to CaCO3 and sodium accumulation due to excessive evaporation and dominates the SW portion of the US?

A

Aridisols

48
Q

Which soil order has bedrock closest to the surface, the majority of these are found in the Rocky Mountains

A

Entisols

49
Q

Which soil order is characterized by its bright red color

A

Oxisols

50
Q

Which soil order can be problematic for engineers because of its high shrink swell possibility

A

Vertisols

51
Q

Which soil order is considered to be the most productive and dominates the Great Plains area

A

Mollisols

52
Q

Which soil order develops under coniferous pine of central east Canada as well as northern Michigan and Wisconsin. It’s is characterized by a zone of eluviation

A

Andisols

53
Q

Which soil order is characterized by cryoturbation

A

Gelisols

54
Q

Why might profile development be delayed in Gelisols or Aridisols

A

The permanent layer of the low moisture content can hinder growth and development

55
Q

Why is soil important? Why is it important to understand soil characteristics?

A

Soil gave life to everything. We need to understand soil so we can grow crops in the right soil or build houses that will not be destroyed by swelling of soil

56
Q

The three major factors that have the greatest influence on the color of a soil are texture organic matter and water content

A

False

57
Q

We use the munsell soil book to help us determine textures

A

False

58
Q

Redoximorohic features are those associated with periods of flooding drainage

A

True

59
Q

Mottling is considered to be a redoximorophic feature

A

True

60
Q

A red soil means that it has clay texture

A

False

61
Q

A red soil means that the Fe has been reduced

A

False

Soils 1 (1 decks)

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