Exam 1 Flashcards
What is taxonomy
classifications of organisms
evolutionary independent unit that have the same morphology, reproduce to make fertile offspring offspring, all descendants of one common ancestor
species
random chance contributes natural disasters
genetic drift
What is evolutionary independent unit
evolutionary mechanisms separate from prepubtias
the movement of alleles between populations; occurs when individuals leave one population, join another, and breed
gene flow
3 criteria used to identify a species
- morphology (look the same)
- Reproduce fertile offspring
- All decedents of one common ancestor
How many of the 3 criteria are needed to be considered a taxon a species
only need 2 criteria to be considered a species
What are the meanings of the two words in the specific name
Genus specie epithet (smallest breakdown)
Why are scientific names preferred over a common name
its more specific and common names can be misleading
List all levels in the Linnaean taxonomical hierarchy levels from domain to species
Domain (Archea,Bacteria, Eukaryia),Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Biggest———->Smallest
Approximately how many species of all organisms have been described? Which group of animals has the largest number of specie
1.7 million organisms described and named. Estimated 6-100 million insects have largest species
Describe the relationship between taxonomy and phylogenetics
The more related an organism is the more overlap in taxonomy, phylogenies are the study of evolutionary relationships
What kinds of data are used to construct phylogenetic trees?
- Morphological Data
- Genetic Traits (RNA & DNA)
- Development traits
Approximately how old is the earth?
4.6 billion years
When did life first evolve? How do we know?
- earth was more hospitable around 3.9 billion years ago
- banded oxidized iron formations are found in the rocks
What organisms formed the earliest fossils
3.5 billion years ago the first fossil pf prokaryotes
What is a stromatolite
complex bacterial communities
don’t have nucleus, only ribosomes, chromosomes in cytoplasm, circular DNA, cell walls, small cells
Prokaryotes
Chromosomes, has nucleus, many membrane bound organelles, linear DNA, bigger cells, animal cells lack a cell wall
Eukaryotes
What are the two major lineages of prokaryotes??
Archea- extremehalophiles, hyperthermophiles
Bacteria- True Bacteria, e coli, cyanobacteria
Light, CO2, ex. cyanobacteria, plants, algae
photoautotroph
chemical bond, CO2, ex. some prokaryotes
Chemoautotroph
light, organic compounds, ex. some prokaryotes
photoheterotroph
chemical bonds, organic compound, ex. human, animal, fungi, some bacteria and protists
chemoheterotroph
Why is Carbon (C) important to animals
- carbon is important because its the basis of all organic molecules
- comprimise all organisms because its able to form very strong bonds with a multitude of elements
Major places C is stored on earth
- atmospheric CO2
- soil
- sedimentary rock (20x)
- fossil fuels
- oceans
- living and dead organisms
What process removes CO2 from the atmosphere?
Photosynthesis
What process returns C to the atmosphere as CO2?
cellular respiration, burning fossil fuels, volcanoes
What process has of CO2 increased in the last 150-200 years and what are the global consequences of this increase in CO2?
burning of fossil fuels and wood which has caused increase in global temperature, acidification of oceans, increased sea levels, greenhouse effect
Animals form mutualistic relationships with organisms that employ 3 of the 4 nutritional modes
chemoautotrophs+ photoautotrophs+ chemoheterotroph- coral
Relationship between free O2 and time? What events followed the increase in atmospheric O2
With the increase of atmospheric O2 eukaryotes were able to evolve, then the first land plants, then first mammals were able to evolve
When did photosynthesis first evolve and how can we date this event?What group of organisms first evolved the ability to photosynthesize
2-2.8 BYA we can dat this by when eukaryotes evolved because they are aerobic organisms O2 began being produced by cyanobacteria; we date this because of rusted rocks 2.5 billion years ago
What are the consequences of the evolution of photosynthesis to animal biology?
- extinction (almost) of anaerobic organisms
2. new life eukaryo
When did the first eukaryotes appear in fossil record
2.1 billion years ago
What are derived traits?
modified from ancestral trait (vertebral column in mammals)
What are ancestral traits?
characteristics of ancestor (feathers, hair)
what is Parsimony, and how does it relate to phylogenetic trees
Parsimony is the principle that the simplest answer is the most likely with the least amount of changes is the most parsimonious
Name the kingdoms listed in Whattaker’s 5 kingdom system
plantae, fungi, animalia, protesta, manera
What is the problem with the 5 kingdom system
organisms in manera are nothing alike
According to the endosymbiosis theory, how did mitochondria in eukaryotes originate? What was mitochondria before it became mitochondria (bacteria)
the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotes that were engulfed by host cells and took up a symbiotic existence within those cells, a process termed primary endosymbiosis. In some eukaryotes, chloroplasts may have originated by secondary endosymbiosis; that is when a cell engulfed a chloroplast-containing protist and retained chloroplasts
Why is it accurate to refer to yourself as chimeric? Why are you, along with every eukaryote, a bag of bacteria
we are a compilation of eukarya and bacteria
- full of mitochondria
- have good digestive bacteria that aid in digestion and immune system
What are the three major eras in geological time? What events mark the boundaries between them
- Paleozoic- cambrian explosion begins it (animals appeared)
- Mesozoic- middle animals end of the permian extinction “mother of mass extinctions” 90% all animals extinct
- Cenozoic- recent animals, end cretaceous extinction 60-80% life
What are the first and geological periods of the paleozoic and the last period of the mesozoic
first paleozoic- cambrian explosion
Last paleozoic- permian extinction(dinosaurs begin) began mesozoic–> last mesozoic end and cretaceous extinction—> cerazoic
During which geological period do we find a sudden appearance of most animal groups? About how long ago was that
cambrian explosion—> 3.5 BYA
2 major extinction events
Permian extinction- largest “mother of all extinctions”
End Cretaceous- End of dinosaurs
One common ancestor
monophyletic
includes ancestors but not all descendants
paraphyletic
includes descendants but not a common ancestor
polyphyletic
What is convergent evolution, how does it contribute to paraphyletic lineages
similar traits in distantly related groups as a result of natural selection (independent evolution)
Ex. sharks and dolphins both had the same evolutionary pressure and although they are not related they have same body shape
Explain why the protists are classified as paraphyletic
classified as things they are not, so the ancestors are al included but not all the decedents
What other characteristics make protists a problematic group
- huge over 600,000 organisms
- should not be a single kingdom
- be diverse
What is secondary endosymbiosis and how did it contribute to the diversity of protists
symbiosis between a predatory protist and a photosynthetic protist. leads to chloroplasts with 4 membranes and is important in the evolution and diversity of protists
What are unique traits of the excavata?
belong to eukaryote
-groove that filters food, possess vestigial (non-functional) mitochondria, anaerobic, parasites
Diplomonads
2 nucleus 1 creature
giardia spp.
Parabasla
all parasitic
ex. trichomonas vagunalis
How can you become infected with giardia (and get giardiasis)
by drinking water or touching feces infected by the protist
-giardiasis intestinal disease)
what is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease
trichomoniasis
What organism causes trichomoniasis? What are the symptoms for men and women
Trichonmonas Vaginalis
women: lives attached to epithelia of cervix
male: prostate/ urethra
What 2 taxa of protists are alveolata
- Dinoflafellates: super abundant photosynthetic
2. Apicomplexa: apex (tip) full of a complex of organelles specialized in penetrating host cells
3 reasons why dinoflagellates are ecologically important
- form symbiotic relationships with coral
- Base of some food webs
- red tides - form crimson tides
Why are the apicomplexans called apicomplexans
api (full of) complexons (complex) because the tips of the protists one full of very complex organelles
What disease is caused by Plasmodium? What two organisms are hosts to this disease- causing organisms
maleria
humans and mosquitos are the host
What organisms cause amoebic dysentary?
Entomeoba histolytica- causes “montezumas revenge” they belong to amoebozoa
both organisms gain something from the relationship (+/+)
mutualism
3 examples of mutualism
- dinoflaggelettes and coral
- cows and microbes
- bees and pollination
4 types of interactions
- Parasitism
- Parasitoidism
- Herbivory
- Predation
parasite benefits, host doesn’t
ex.
Parasitism
ex. birds lay their eggs in other species nests & induce other species to raise young
Kills host, often an insect
Parasitoidism
ex. wasp
plant eaters consume plant tissues
Herbivory (animal +, plants -)
ex. caterpillars chew leaves
when predator + kills and consumes all or most of the prey -
Predation
ex. lions eat zebras
parasites vs. parasitoids
- parasites live at the expense of another organism
- parasitoids lay their eggs and kill the host
ectoparasite vs. endoparasite
outside (tick)
inside (malaria)
Competition
(-,-) both organisms suffer
reduced growth or reproduction when shared resources are limited
Intraspecific Competition
competition within species
2 grasshoppers
Interspecific Competition
between species (grasshopper + cow)
occurs when two species interact in a way that confers fitness benefits both
Mutualism (+,+)
one species benefits but the other species is unaffected
commensalism (+, -)
when individuals use the same resources resulting in lower fitness for both
Competition (-,-)
when one organism eats or absorbs nutrients from another. The interaction increases the consumers fitness but decreases the victims fitness
Consumption (+,-)
plants and pollination
mutualism
lion eating zebra
parasite living in host
parasite killing host
Consumption
cheetahs vs. lion
competition
What are the traits that define animals
- structure
- nutrition
- development
- genetic
- multi-cellular
- contain collagen protein rich fiber connecting bodies together
- muscle and nervous tissue
- blastula
- gastrula
Structure
chemoheterotrophs
-most inject food (tapeworms don’t)
Nutrition
-large, non-motile eggs & small motile sperm for gametes
Development
in all animals the transformation from a zygote to adult is guided by Hox genes
Genetics
- contain collagen protein rich fiber connecting bodies together
- muscle and nervous tissue
- blastula
- gastrula
unique to animals
a ball of cells typically surrounding a fluid-filled cavity. Th blastula is formed by cleavage of a zygote and undergoes gastrulations
blastula
an embryo at the stage following the blastula, when it is a hollow cup-shaped structure having three layers of cells
gastrula
diagram to distinguish the components of a gastrula
Draw it out
class of genes found in several animal phyla, including vertebra, that are expressed in a distinctive pattern along the anterior-posterior axis in early embryo and control formation of specific structures
Hox Genes
genes that affect embryo development by specifying the character of a body segment or part
Homeotic
very conserved nucleotide sequence that is often found in genes that control development. The sequence codes for a section of the transcription factor that binds to DNA
homeobox
many planes of symmetry or ways to divide into equal halves
Radial symmetry
one way to divide into 2 equal halves
bilateral symmetry
the formation in animals of a distinct anterior region (head) where sense organs and a mouth are clustered
cephalization
cephalization occurs with which symmetry
bilateral
Advantages of cephalization
- balance
- movement
- information (locate food, predators, find mates)
group of cells in the embryo that give rise to specific organs
Embryonic tissue layer
outside of skin- form outer covering and nervous system
Ectoderm
inside skin- form GI tract and respiratory system
Endoderm
Middle skin- forms muscle and other organs
Mesoderm
