Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Animal Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is taxonomy

A

classifications of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

evolutionary independent unit that have the same morphology, reproduce to make fertile offspring offspring, all descendants of one common ancestor

A

species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

random chance contributes natural disasters

A

genetic drift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is evolutionary independent unit

A

evolutionary mechanisms separate from prepubtias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the movement of alleles between populations; occurs when individuals leave one population, join another, and breed

A

gene flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

3 criteria used to identify a species

A
  1. morphology (look the same)
  2. Reproduce fertile offspring
  3. All decedents of one common ancestor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many of the 3 criteria are needed to be considered a taxon a species

A

only need 2 criteria to be considered a species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the meanings of the two words in the specific name

A

Genus specie epithet (smallest breakdown)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why are scientific names preferred over a common name

A

its more specific and common names can be misleading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

List all levels in the Linnaean taxonomical hierarchy levels from domain to species

A

Domain (Archea,Bacteria, Eukaryia),Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Biggest———->Smallest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Approximately how many species of all organisms have been described? Which group of animals has the largest number of specie

A

1.7 million organisms described and named. Estimated 6-100 million insects have largest species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the relationship between taxonomy and phylogenetics

A

The more related an organism is the more overlap in taxonomy, phylogenies are the study of evolutionary relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What kinds of data are used to construct phylogenetic trees?

A
  1. Morphological Data
  2. Genetic Traits (RNA & DNA)
  3. Development traits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Approximately how old is the earth?

A

4.6 billion years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When did life first evolve? How do we know?

A
  • earth was more hospitable around 3.9 billion years ago

- banded oxidized iron formations are found in the rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What organisms formed the earliest fossils

A

3.5 billion years ago the first fossil pf prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a stromatolite

A

complex bacterial communities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

don’t have nucleus, only ribosomes, chromosomes in cytoplasm, circular DNA, cell walls, small cells

A

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Chromosomes, has nucleus, many membrane bound organelles, linear DNA, bigger cells, animal cells lack a cell wall

A

Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two major lineages of prokaryotes??

A

Archea- extremehalophiles, hyperthermophiles

Bacteria- True Bacteria, e coli, cyanobacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Light, CO2, ex. cyanobacteria, plants, algae

A

photoautotroph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

chemical bond, CO2, ex. some prokaryotes

A

Chemoautotroph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

light, organic compounds, ex. some prokaryotes

A

photoheterotroph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

chemical bonds, organic compound, ex. human, animal, fungi, some bacteria and protists

A

chemoheterotroph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Why is Carbon (C) important to animals

A
  • carbon is important because its the basis of all organic molecules
  • comprimise all organisms because its able to form very strong bonds with a multitude of elements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Major places C is stored on earth

A
  • atmospheric CO2
  • soil
  • sedimentary rock (20x)
  • fossil fuels
  • oceans
  • living and dead organisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What process removes CO2 from the atmosphere?

A

Photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What process returns C to the atmosphere as CO2?

A

cellular respiration, burning fossil fuels, volcanoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What process has of CO2 increased in the last 150-200 years and what are the global consequences of this increase in CO2?

A

burning of fossil fuels and wood which has caused increase in global temperature, acidification of oceans, increased sea levels, greenhouse effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Animals form mutualistic relationships with organisms that employ 3 of the 4 nutritional modes

A

chemoautotrophs+ photoautotrophs+ chemoheterotroph- coral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Relationship between free O2 and time? What events followed the increase in atmospheric O2

A

With the increase of atmospheric O2 eukaryotes were able to evolve, then the first land plants, then first mammals were able to evolve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

When did photosynthesis first evolve and how can we date this event?What group of organisms first evolved the ability to photosynthesize

A

2-2.8 BYA we can dat this by when eukaryotes evolved because they are aerobic organisms O2 began being produced by cyanobacteria; we date this because of rusted rocks 2.5 billion years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the consequences of the evolution of photosynthesis to animal biology?

A
  1. extinction (almost) of anaerobic organisms

2. new life eukaryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

When did the first eukaryotes appear in fossil record

A

2.1 billion years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are derived traits?

A

modified from ancestral trait (vertebral column in mammals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are ancestral traits?

A

characteristics of ancestor (feathers, hair)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is Parsimony, and how does it relate to phylogenetic trees

A

Parsimony is the principle that the simplest answer is the most likely with the least amount of changes is the most parsimonious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Name the kingdoms listed in Whattaker’s 5 kingdom system

A

plantae, fungi, animalia, protesta, manera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the problem with the 5 kingdom system

A

organisms in manera are nothing alike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

According to the endosymbiosis theory, how did mitochondria in eukaryotes originate? What was mitochondria before it became mitochondria (bacteria)

A

the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotes that were engulfed by host cells and took up a symbiotic existence within those cells, a process termed primary endosymbiosis. In some eukaryotes, chloroplasts may have originated by secondary endosymbiosis; that is when a cell engulfed a chloroplast-containing protist and retained chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Why is it accurate to refer to yourself as chimeric? Why are you, along with every eukaryote, a bag of bacteria

A

we are a compilation of eukarya and bacteria

  • full of mitochondria
  • have good digestive bacteria that aid in digestion and immune system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the three major eras in geological time? What events mark the boundaries between them

A
  1. Paleozoic- cambrian explosion begins it (animals appeared)
  2. Mesozoic- middle animals end of the permian extinction “mother of mass extinctions” 90% all animals extinct
  3. Cenozoic- recent animals, end cretaceous extinction 60-80% life
43
Q

What are the first and geological periods of the paleozoic and the last period of the mesozoic

A

first paleozoic- cambrian explosion
Last paleozoic- permian extinction(dinosaurs begin) began mesozoic–> last mesozoic end and cretaceous extinction—> cerazoic

44
Q

During which geological period do we find a sudden appearance of most animal groups? About how long ago was that

A

cambrian explosion—> 3.5 BYA

45
Q

2 major extinction events

A

Permian extinction- largest “mother of all extinctions”

End Cretaceous- End of dinosaurs

46
Q

One common ancestor

A

monophyletic

47
Q

includes ancestors but not all descendants

A

paraphyletic

48
Q

includes descendants but not a common ancestor

A

polyphyletic

49
Q

What is convergent evolution, how does it contribute to paraphyletic lineages

A

similar traits in distantly related groups as a result of natural selection (independent evolution)
Ex. sharks and dolphins both had the same evolutionary pressure and although they are not related they have same body shape

50
Q

Explain why the protists are classified as paraphyletic

A

classified as things they are not, so the ancestors are al included but not all the decedents

51
Q

What other characteristics make protists a problematic group

A
  • huge over 600,000 organisms
  • should not be a single kingdom
  • be diverse
52
Q

What is secondary endosymbiosis and how did it contribute to the diversity of protists

A

symbiosis between a predatory protist and a photosynthetic protist. leads to chloroplasts with 4 membranes and is important in the evolution and diversity of protists

53
Q

What are unique traits of the excavata?

A

belong to eukaryote

-groove that filters food, possess vestigial (non-functional) mitochondria, anaerobic, parasites

54
Q

Diplomonads

A

2 nucleus 1 creature

giardia spp.

55
Q

Parabasla

A

all parasitic

ex. trichomonas vagunalis

56
Q

How can you become infected with giardia (and get giardiasis)

A

by drinking water or touching feces infected by the protist

-giardiasis intestinal disease)

57
Q

what is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease

A

trichomoniasis

58
Q

What organism causes trichomoniasis? What are the symptoms for men and women

A

Trichonmonas Vaginalis

women: lives attached to epithelia of cervix
male: prostate/ urethra

59
Q

What 2 taxa of protists are alveolata

A
  1. Dinoflafellates: super abundant photosynthetic

2. Apicomplexa: apex (tip) full of a complex of organelles specialized in penetrating host cells

60
Q

3 reasons why dinoflagellates are ecologically important

A
  1. form symbiotic relationships with coral
  2. Base of some food webs
    - red tides
  3. form crimson tides
61
Q

Why are the apicomplexans called apicomplexans

A

api (full of) complexons (complex) because the tips of the protists one full of very complex organelles

62
Q

What disease is caused by Plasmodium? What two organisms are hosts to this disease- causing organisms

A

maleria

humans and mosquitos are the host

63
Q

What organisms cause amoebic dysentary?

A

Entomeoba histolytica- causes “montezumas revenge” they belong to amoebozoa

64
Q

both organisms gain something from the relationship (+/+)

A

mutualism

65
Q

3 examples of mutualism

A
  1. dinoflaggelettes and coral
  2. cows and microbes
  3. bees and pollination
66
Q

4 types of interactions

A
  1. Parasitism
  2. Parasitoidism
  3. Herbivory
  4. Predation
67
Q

parasite benefits, host doesn’t

ex.

A

Parasitism

ex. birds lay their eggs in other species nests & induce other species to raise young

68
Q

Kills host, often an insect

A

Parasitoidism

ex. wasp

69
Q

plant eaters consume plant tissues

A

Herbivory (animal +, plants -)

ex. caterpillars chew leaves

70
Q

when predator + kills and consumes all or most of the prey -

A

Predation

ex. lions eat zebras

71
Q

parasites vs. parasitoids

A
  • parasites live at the expense of another organism

- parasitoids lay their eggs and kill the host

72
Q

ectoparasite vs. endoparasite

A

outside (tick)

inside (malaria)

73
Q

Competition

A

(-,-) both organisms suffer

reduced growth or reproduction when shared resources are limited

74
Q

Intraspecific Competition

A

competition within species

2 grasshoppers

75
Q

Interspecific Competition

A

between species (grasshopper + cow)

76
Q

occurs when two species interact in a way that confers fitness benefits both

A

Mutualism (+,+)

77
Q

one species benefits but the other species is unaffected

A

commensalism (+, -)

78
Q

when individuals use the same resources resulting in lower fitness for both

A

Competition (-,-)

79
Q

when one organism eats or absorbs nutrients from another. The interaction increases the consumers fitness but decreases the victims fitness

A

Consumption (+,-)

80
Q

plants and pollination

A

mutualism

81
Q

lion eating zebra
parasite living in host
parasite killing host

A

Consumption

82
Q

cheetahs vs. lion

A

competition

83
Q

What are the traits that define animals

A
  1. structure
  2. nutrition
  3. development
  4. genetic
84
Q
  • multi-cellular
  • contain collagen protein rich fiber connecting bodies together
  • muscle and nervous tissue
  • blastula
  • gastrula
A

Structure

85
Q

chemoheterotrophs

-most inject food (tapeworms don’t)

A

Nutrition

86
Q

-large, non-motile eggs & small motile sperm for gametes

A

Development

87
Q

in all animals the transformation from a zygote to adult is guided by Hox genes

A

Genetics

88
Q
  • contain collagen protein rich fiber connecting bodies together
  • muscle and nervous tissue
  • blastula
  • gastrula
A

unique to animals

89
Q

a ball of cells typically surrounding a fluid-filled cavity. Th blastula is formed by cleavage of a zygote and undergoes gastrulations

A

blastula

90
Q

an embryo at the stage following the blastula, when it is a hollow cup-shaped structure having three layers of cells

A

gastrula

91
Q

diagram to distinguish the components of a gastrula

A

Draw it out

92
Q

class of genes found in several animal phyla, including vertebra, that are expressed in a distinctive pattern along the anterior-posterior axis in early embryo and control formation of specific structures

A

Hox Genes

93
Q

genes that affect embryo development by specifying the character of a body segment or part

A

Homeotic

94
Q

very conserved nucleotide sequence that is often found in genes that control development. The sequence codes for a section of the transcription factor that binds to DNA

A

homeobox

95
Q

many planes of symmetry or ways to divide into equal halves

A

Radial symmetry

96
Q

one way to divide into 2 equal halves

A

bilateral symmetry

97
Q

the formation in animals of a distinct anterior region (head) where sense organs and a mouth are clustered

A

cephalization

98
Q

cephalization occurs with which symmetry

A

bilateral

99
Q

Advantages of cephalization

A
  • balance
  • movement
  • information (locate food, predators, find mates)
100
Q

group of cells in the embryo that give rise to specific organs

A

Embryonic tissue layer

101
Q

outside of skin- form outer covering and nervous system

A

Ectoderm

102
Q

inside skin- form GI tract and respiratory system

A

Endoderm

103
Q

Middle skin- forms muscle and other organs

A

Mesoderm

Animal Biology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions