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nursing OB > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

X-linked trait of a hereditary disease: what is more common, recessive or dominant? women or men?

A

recessive, men

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2
Q

what is an x-linked disorder that is very severe?

A

hemophilia

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3
Q

turner’s syndrome

A

pt. has single X chromosome; monosomy

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4
Q

trisomy

A

extra copy of one chromosome; 3 copies of chromosome 21 are in each cell

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5
Q

monosomy

A

Each body cell has a missing chromosome

Most often incompatible with life

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6
Q

polyploidy

A

Embryo has one or more extra sets of chromosomes

Usually results in early spontaneous abortion

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7
Q

physical char. of monosomy turner’s syndrome

A
  • broad chest, wide spread nipples
  • cystic masses either side of neck
  • short stature
  • kidneys may be joined together
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8
Q

a physiologic change that removes the protective coating from the heads of the sperm

A

capacitation

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9
Q

a cap on the sperm, small perforations form here to allow enzymes to escape

A

acrosome

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10
Q

the inner protective layer of the ovum

A

zona pellicuda

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11
Q

– the outer protective layer of the ovum

A

corona radiata

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12
Q

when a sperm has penetrated an ovum, both become enclosed in a protective membrane

A

zona reaction

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13
Q

the fertilized ovum, the single cell formed by union of sperm and egg, 46 chromosomes, all characteristics of new being is established, every genetic feature including sex

A

zygote

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14
Q

a solid ball of cells within 3 days

A

morula

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15
Q

a hollow cavity that forms within the cell mast in 4 days, difference of the outer and inner cells

A

blastocyst

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16
Q

the outer layer of cells surrounding the cavity replacing the zona pellucida (produces HCG), double every 48 hours

A

trophoblast

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17
Q

occurs 6-10 days after conception, trophoblast burrow into endometrium, some woman experience vaginal bleeding and occurs around time of the missed period

A

implantation

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18
Q

vascular, finger-like projections extending out from trophoblast into the endometrium, begins to obtain nutrients fro developing ova

A

chorionic villi

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19
Q

what are the 3 stages of prenatal development?

A

-preembryonic development, 4th day after conception, embryonic stage

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20
Q

what is the pre-embryonic stage?

A

1st 14 days

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21
Q

what is the 4th day of conception?

A

the ZYGOTE enters the uterus with the help of chorionic villi (vascular, finger-like projections extending out of trophoblast & obtains nutrients for developing ova)

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22
Q

what happens during embryonic stage?

A

15 th day or the 3rd week - 8 weeks - 3cm crown to rump (most critical time in organ development)

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23
Q

what are the 2 main things to know about third stage: embryonic stage?

A
  • most critical time for organ development

- most vulnerable to teratogens

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24
Q

what are the 2 fetal membranes that have to do with the embryo?

A

chorion & amnion

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25
Q

outer membrane; develops from trophoblast, covers fetal side of placenta

A

chorion

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26
Q

inner membrane, surrounds fetus; develops from interior cells of blastocyst; develops into fluid sac around the fetus

A

amnion

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27
Q

Development of specialized structures is controlled by 3 factors

A

genetic info from parents, interaction between adjacent tissues & timing

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28
Q

drugs in pregnancy: what is category A drugs and giv example

A

no evidence that it harms fetus (mag. sulfate)

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29
Q

category b:

A

animal reproduction studies have not demonstrated risk to fetus; no adequate studies done in pregnant women
(prozac, tylenol)

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30
Q

category c:

A

animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on fetus but no adequate, well-controlled studies have been done in humans; (acyclovir, albuterol)

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31
Q

category d pergnancy drugs

A

positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data (depacote, tetracyc.)

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32
Q

category x

A

positive evidence of human fetal risk based on animal or human studies and/or adverse reaction data (accutane)

33
Q

which week do these occur?
CNS begins to develop
Neural tube is fused in the middle but still open at each end
Primitive heart begins beating
Beginning development of the GI tract
Leg and arm buds appear and grow out from the body

A

week 3

34
Q

which week do these occur?
Shape changes and resembles a C-shaped cylinder
Neural tube closes (anencephaly, spina bifida result if no closure)
Formation of face and URI begins
Formation of 4 chambers of heart
Trachea branches to form R & L bronchi

A

week 4

35
Q

normal amount of amniotic fluid range

A

700-800 ml

36
Q

< 400 ml- this indicates which disease?

A

oligohydramnios associated with renal abnormalities, poor placental blood flow, PROM, underdeveloped fetal kidneys, blocked urinary excretion

37
Q

> 2000 ml indicates which diseases?

A

polyhydramnios/hydramnios- associated with GI abnormalities, maternal diabetes, imbalanced water exchange among mother, fetus & amniotic fluid that has no known cause, malformation of CNS, chromosomal abnormalities and multifetal gestation

38
Q

continuous with surface of umbilical cord

A

amnion

39
Q

early structure formed to assist with nutrients and oxygen; blood vessels, blood cells and plasma are made during 2nd and 3rd weeks

A

yolk sac

40
Q

epidermis, glands, nails, hair, CNS, peripheral nervous system, eye lens, tooth enamel

A

ectoderm

41
Q

bones and teeth, muscle, dermis, connective tissue, cardiovascular system, spleen, urogenital system

A

mesoderm

42
Q

epithelium which lines the respiratory and digestive tracts

A

endoderm

43
Q

connective tissue; gelatinous tissue protecting the umbilical cord from compression

A

wharton’s jelly

44
Q

2 components of placenta

A

maternal and fetal

45
Q

Maternal component of placenta

A 
rough &amp; attaches to uterus
3 functions
Metabolic
Transfer
endocrine
46
Q

initial structures that eventually form fetal side of placenta

A

chorionic villi

47
Q

given in 40-60’s to decrease incidence of spontaneous ab; increases incidence vaginal carcinoma, infertility, spontaneous abortion & PTL

A

DES

48
Q

4 Hormones Produced by the Placenta

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
Human Placental Lactogen (HPL)
Progesterone
Estrogen

49
Q

Protein hormone
Produced early
Preserves/maintains function of ovarian corpus luteum ensuring estrogen and progesterone

A

HCG

50
Q 
Protein hormone
Similar to growth hormone
Stimulates maternal metabolism to supply and maintain nutrition/nutrients for fetal growth
Resistant to insulin
Facilitates glucose transport
Stimulates breast development
A

HPL

51
Q 
hormone:
Maintains the endometrial lining
Decreases uterine contractions
Stimulates maternal metabolism
Develops breast areola
A

Progesterone

52
Q

Stimulates uterine growth and uteroplacental blood flow
Proliferation of breast glandular tissue
Stimulates myometrial contractility, increases near end of pregnancy
Placental hormones suppress immunologic response to fetus so mother does not reject

A

estrogen

53
Q

shunt that connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava

A

Ductus venosus-

54
Q

connects the main pulmonary artery to the aorta

A

Ductus arteriosus

55
Q

anatomic opening between the right atrium and left atrium

A

foramen ovale

56
Q

Reversal of blood flow causes

A

closure of foramen ovale

57
Q

O2 causes constriction and closure

A

ductus arterius

58
Q

Mechanical pressure ®

A

closure of ductus venosus

59
Q

Capability of fetus to survive outside the uterus

A

viability (20 weeks)

60
Q

recommended total weight gain for pregnant mother

A

25-35 lbs….if underwieght gain more, if overweight, gain less

61
Q

Pregnant women with PKU (inability to break down amino acids) should avoid

A

aspartane

62
Q

Daily recommended protein intake of ____ g during pregnancy

A

71

63
Q

Dehydration may cause

A

premature uterine contractions

64
Q

decreases the occurrence of NTD’s in newborns(70%)

A

folic acid

65
Q

Need ___ mcg folic acid every day

A

400 prepreg, 700 preg.

66
Q

Vitamin B12 (lacking for vegans) may eat ____ products

A

soy

67
Q

Substitute sources of calcium if lactose intolerant mother

A

peanuts, almonds, sunflower seeds, broccoli, salmon, kale and molasses

68
Q

Pregnancy considered anemic if < ____g/dl

A

10.5

69
Q

descent of fetal head into pelvis

A

lightening

70
Q

braxton-hicks

A

irregular, painless contractions durign 3rd trimester. can be mistaken for going into labor

71
Q

soft whistle-blowing sound that can be ascultated

A

uterine soufle

72
Q

bluish color that extends into vagina and labia- earliest sign of pregnancy

A

chadwick’s sign

73
Q

cervical softening

A

goodell’s sign

74
Q

thick substance that transfers antibodies to baby during breast-feeding) “mother’s first milk”

A

colostrum

75
Q

degree of softening of the lower uterine segment

A

hegar’s sign

76
Q

softening of the cervix and uterus

A

goodell’s sign

77
Q

nagele’s rule

A

subtract 3 months, add 7 days to the first day of last period and correcting year

78
Q

GTPAL

A

Gravida (number of pregnancies–> how many times she had a great belly?)
Term (kids delivered up 37 weeks or greater)
Pre-term (pre-term bellies)
Abortion-
Living-ALL living kids

nursing OB (1 decks)

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