Exam 1 Flashcards
X-linked trait of a hereditary disease: what is more common, recessive or dominant? women or men?
recessive, men
what is an x-linked disorder that is very severe?
hemophilia
turner’s syndrome
pt. has single X chromosome; monosomy
trisomy
extra copy of one chromosome; 3 copies of chromosome 21 are in each cell
monosomy
Each body cell has a missing chromosome
Most often incompatible with life
polyploidy
Embryo has one or more extra sets of chromosomes
Usually results in early spontaneous abortion
physical char. of monosomy turner’s syndrome
- broad chest, wide spread nipples
- cystic masses either side of neck
- short stature
- kidneys may be joined together
a physiologic change that removes the protective coating from the heads of the sperm
capacitation
a cap on the sperm, small perforations form here to allow enzymes to escape
acrosome
the inner protective layer of the ovum
zona pellicuda
– the outer protective layer of the ovum
corona radiata
when a sperm has penetrated an ovum, both become enclosed in a protective membrane
zona reaction
the fertilized ovum, the single cell formed by union of sperm and egg, 46 chromosomes, all characteristics of new being is established, every genetic feature including sex
zygote
a solid ball of cells within 3 days
morula
a hollow cavity that forms within the cell mast in 4 days, difference of the outer and inner cells
blastocyst
the outer layer of cells surrounding the cavity replacing the zona pellucida (produces HCG), double every 48 hours
trophoblast
occurs 6-10 days after conception, trophoblast burrow into endometrium, some woman experience vaginal bleeding and occurs around time of the missed period
implantation
vascular, finger-like projections extending out from trophoblast into the endometrium, begins to obtain nutrients fro developing ova
chorionic villi
what are the 3 stages of prenatal development?
-preembryonic development, 4th day after conception, embryonic stage
what is the pre-embryonic stage?
1st 14 days
what is the 4th day of conception?
the ZYGOTE enters the uterus with the help of chorionic villi (vascular, finger-like projections extending out of trophoblast & obtains nutrients for developing ova)
what happens during embryonic stage?
15 th day or the 3rd week - 8 weeks - 3cm crown to rump (most critical time in organ development)
what are the 2 main things to know about third stage: embryonic stage?
- most critical time for organ development
- most vulnerable to teratogens
what are the 2 fetal membranes that have to do with the embryo?
chorion & amnion
outer membrane; develops from trophoblast, covers fetal side of placenta
chorion
inner membrane, surrounds fetus; develops from interior cells of blastocyst; develops into fluid sac around the fetus
amnion
Development of specialized structures is controlled by 3 factors
genetic info from parents, interaction between adjacent tissues & timing
drugs in pregnancy: what is category A drugs and giv example
no evidence that it harms fetus (mag. sulfate)
category b:
animal reproduction studies have not demonstrated risk to fetus; no adequate studies done in pregnant women
(prozac, tylenol)
category c:
animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on fetus but no adequate, well-controlled studies have been done in humans; (acyclovir, albuterol)
category d pergnancy drugs
positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data (depacote, tetracyc.)
category x
positive evidence of human fetal risk based on animal or human studies and/or adverse reaction data (accutane)
which week do these occur?
CNS begins to develop
Neural tube is fused in the middle but still open at each end
Primitive heart begins beating
Beginning development of the GI tract
Leg and arm buds appear and grow out from the body
week 3
which week do these occur?
Shape changes and resembles a C-shaped cylinder
Neural tube closes (anencephaly, spina bifida result if no closure)
Formation of face and URI begins
Formation of 4 chambers of heart
Trachea branches to form R & L bronchi
week 4
normal amount of amniotic fluid range
700-800 ml
< 400 ml- this indicates which disease?
oligohydramnios associated with renal abnormalities, poor placental blood flow, PROM, underdeveloped fetal kidneys, blocked urinary excretion
> 2000 ml indicates which diseases?
polyhydramnios/hydramnios- associated with GI abnormalities, maternal diabetes, imbalanced water exchange among mother, fetus & amniotic fluid that has no known cause, malformation of CNS, chromosomal abnormalities and multifetal gestation
continuous with surface of umbilical cord
amnion
early structure formed to assist with nutrients and oxygen; blood vessels, blood cells and plasma are made during 2nd and 3rd weeks
yolk sac
epidermis, glands, nails, hair, CNS, peripheral nervous system, eye lens, tooth enamel
ectoderm
bones and teeth, muscle, dermis, connective tissue, cardiovascular system, spleen, urogenital system
mesoderm
epithelium which lines the respiratory and digestive tracts
endoderm
connective tissue; gelatinous tissue protecting the umbilical cord from compression
wharton’s jelly
2 components of placenta
maternal and fetal
Maternal component of placenta
rough & attaches to uterus 3 functions Metabolic Transfer endocrine
initial structures that eventually form fetal side of placenta
chorionic villi
given in 40-60’s to decrease incidence of spontaneous ab; increases incidence vaginal carcinoma, infertility, spontaneous abortion & PTL
DES
4 Hormones Produced by the Placenta
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
Human Placental Lactogen (HPL)
Progesterone
Estrogen
Protein hormone
Produced early
Preserves/maintains function of ovarian corpus luteum ensuring estrogen and progesterone
HCG
Protein hormone Similar to growth hormone Stimulates maternal metabolism to supply and maintain nutrition/nutrients for fetal growth Resistant to insulin Facilitates glucose transport Stimulates breast development
HPL
hormone: Maintains the endometrial lining Decreases uterine contractions Stimulates maternal metabolism Develops breast areola
Progesterone
Stimulates uterine growth and uteroplacental blood flow
Proliferation of breast glandular tissue
Stimulates myometrial contractility, increases near end of pregnancy
Placental hormones suppress immunologic response to fetus so mother does not reject
estrogen
shunt that connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava
Ductus venosus-
connects the main pulmonary artery to the aorta
Ductus arteriosus
anatomic opening between the right atrium and left atrium
foramen ovale
Reversal of blood flow causes
closure of foramen ovale
O2 causes constriction and closure
ductus arterius
Mechanical pressure ®
closure of ductus venosus
Capability of fetus to survive outside the uterus
viability (20 weeks)
recommended total weight gain for pregnant mother
25-35 lbs….if underwieght gain more, if overweight, gain less
Pregnant women with PKU (inability to break down amino acids) should avoid
aspartane
Daily recommended protein intake of ____ g during pregnancy
71
Dehydration may cause
premature uterine contractions
decreases the occurrence of NTD’s in newborns(70%)
folic acid
Need ___ mcg folic acid every day
400 prepreg, 700 preg.
Vitamin B12 (lacking for vegans) may eat ____ products
soy
Substitute sources of calcium if lactose intolerant mother
peanuts, almonds, sunflower seeds, broccoli, salmon, kale and molasses
Pregnancy considered anemic if < ____g/dl
10.5
descent of fetal head into pelvis
lightening
braxton-hicks
irregular, painless contractions durign 3rd trimester. can be mistaken for going into labor
soft whistle-blowing sound that can be ascultated
uterine soufle
bluish color that extends into vagina and labia- earliest sign of pregnancy
chadwick’s sign
cervical softening
goodell’s sign
thick substance that transfers antibodies to baby during breast-feeding) “mother’s first milk”
colostrum
degree of softening of the lower uterine segment
hegar’s sign
softening of the cervix and uterus
goodell’s sign
nagele’s rule
subtract 3 months, add 7 days to the first day of last period and correcting year
GTPAL
Gravida (number of pregnancies–> how many times she had a great belly?)
Term (kids delivered up 37 weeks or greater)
Pre-term (pre-term bellies)
Abortion-
Living-ALL living kids
