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BMS 212 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is microbiology?

A

The study of living things that are too small to be seen without any magnification

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2
Q

What are some microorganisms? (7)

A 
Bacteria
Archea
Fungi
Protists 
Algae
Viruses
Helminth warms
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3
Q

Why are microbes important? Give 2 examples

A

Microbes are important for nutrients and energy cycling
Ex: 1) Photosynthesis, light energy converted into chemical energy
2) Decomposition, break down complex molecules

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4
Q

What are some ways in which humans use microorganisms? (3)

A

1) Industry, food and chemical production
2) Biotechnology, drug and vaccine production
3) Bioremediation, use of microbes to break down unwanted or harmful waste products

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5
Q

What are the three most important diseases caused by microorganisms in the US?

A

Influenza
Pneumonia
Septicemia (bloodstream infection)

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6
Q

What are the four most common diseases caused by microorganisms world wide?

A

Respiratory infections
HIV/AIDS
Diarrheal
TB

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7
Q

Describe Prokaryotes

A

Unicellular organisms
Lack nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Include bacteria and archea

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8
Q

Describe eukaryotes

A

Unicellular OR multicellular

Contain nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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9
Q

What are viruses?

A

Acellular particles composed of nucleic acid packaged in a protein coat

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10
Q

Who was Robert Hooke?

A

Used microscopes to examine surfaces and living things

First description of organisms and cells

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11
Q

Who was Antony Van Leeuwenhoek?

A

Made his own lenses

Observed organisms

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12
Q

Who was Edward Jenner?

A

Investigated reports that those who developed cowpox did not com down with small pox
First vaccine

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13
Q

Who were Oliver Wendell Holmes and Ignaz Semmelweis?

A

They made the link between doctors not washing their hands and hospital infections. They noticed that puerperal fever was a common infection during child birth. Semmelweis insisted that doctors washed their hands with calcium chloride solution between patients. Deaths on maternity wards fell from 12% to 1%. Holmes noticed similar link, and also between work on cadavers and subsequent infections.

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14
Q

Who was Joseph Lister?

A

Developed aseptic technique. He noticed that patients who survived surgery often died soon afterwards of “ward”fever. He suggested to use phenol to sterilize surgical instruments. Death rates fell from 45% to 15%

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15
Q

What is the spontaneous generation hypothesis?

A

Vital forces in non living matter produced living things

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16
Q

What is the biogenesis hypothesis?

A

Living things arise from preexisting living cells

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17
Q

Who was Louis Pasteur?

A

Disproved spontaneous generation. Studied fermentation and food spoilage. Developed pasteurization. Made links between microbes and diseases. Developed vaccines for anthrax and rabies

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18
Q

Who was the “Germ Theory King”?

A

Robert Koch

First to link a disease to a microbe and outline germ theory. 21 diseases were identified as caused by microbes

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19
Q

What are the Koch’s postulates?

A

1) The microorganisms must be present in every case of the disease
2) The microorganism must grow in pure culture from diseased hosts
3) The same disease must be produced when a pure culture of the microorganism is introduced into susceptible hosts
4) The same microorganisms must be recovered from experimentally infected hosts

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20
Q

Who was Alexander Fleming?

A

He discovered the first modern antibiotic penicillin. He also discovered lysozyme, a protective digestive enzyme

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21
Q

Who was Selman Waksman?

A

Discovered streptomycin and coined the term antibiotic

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22
Q

What is a scientific method?

A

Deductive reasoning process to investigate the world around us.

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23
Q

What are the five “I”’s of culturing microbes?

A

1) Inoculation
2) Isolation
3) Incubation
4) Inspection
5) Identification

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24
Q

What is inoculation?

A

Introduction of a sample into a container of media to produce a culture of observable growth

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25
Q

What is isolation?

A

Separating one species from another

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26
Q

What is incubation?

A

Placing a sample under conditions that allow growth. Cells divide and provide observable growth. Different organisms have different temperature preferences.

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27
Q

Inspections and identifications

A

Make macroscopic and microscopic observations of the growth, biochemical test etc..

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28
Q

What are two isolation methods developed by Robert Koch?

A

1) Streak plate technique

2) Pour plate technique

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29
Q

What is the difference between a “pure culture” and “mixed culture”?

A

One type of organism vs. more than one type of organism

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30
Q

How disposal of cultures happen?

A

Potentially hazardous cultures and specimen are usually disposed of by: steam sterilization or incineration

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31
Q

What is the general purpose of media?

A

Support growth of many different types of organisms

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32
Q

What are some common examples of media?

A

Nutrient agar and tryptic soy agar

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33
Q

What is selective media?

A

One type of organism can grow

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34
Q

What is differential media?

A

Two types of organisms can grow, but they will difference in appearance

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35
Q

What is complex media?

A

Exact chemical composition is unknown, contain break down product of yeast, animal or plant material

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36
Q

What is defined media?

A

We know the exact chemical compostion

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37
Q

What are two key characteristics of a reliable microscope?

A

Magnification, the ability to enlarge objects

Resolving power, the ability to show details

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38
Q

What is resolution?

A

The ability to distinguish two objects as separate objects

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39
Q

What is light microscopy bright field?

A

Standard lab microscope

Light source is visible light, can be used for live, fixed or stained samples.

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40
Q

What is light microscopy dark field?

A

Light directed as sample from an angle. Better visual contrast between cells and background. Can view living, mobile cells, no staining is required

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41
Q

What is staining?

A

Stains enhance difference between cells and background, increase contrast.

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42
Q

Simple stain vs. differential stain

A

Simple, uses only one stain

Differential, uses at least two stains

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43
Q

Positive stain vs. negative stain

A

Positive, stains cells

Negative, stains background

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44
Q

Why are electron microscopes better In resolution?

A

They have shorter wavelength, which means greater resolution. Can examine viruses and internal structures.

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45
Q

What is TEM?

A

Transmission Electron Microscopy

Electrons pass through the sample, you can view internal structures

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46
Q

What is SEM?

A

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Electrons are aimed at surface of the structure, being reflected and detected, this will result in a 3D image

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47
Q

What is the functional definition of species?

A

A group of organisms that interbreed to produce viable offspring

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48
Q

What are the 8 levels of classification?

A

1) domain
2) kingdom
3) phylum or division
4) class
5) order
6) family
7) genus
8) species

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49
Q

What are the domains of life and who determined them?

A

Bacteria
Archea
Eukarya
Carl Woese

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50
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

A group of organisms based on similarities

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51
Q

How can you determine taxonomy?

A 
Look at sequences of RNA sequences/genes
Cell morphology colony appearance
Bacterial physiology
Serological analysis 
Genetic and molecular analysis
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52
Q

What is the bacterial physiology based on?

A

Bergy’s manual of the systematic bacteriology

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53
Q

What is the definition of species for bacteria?

A

Collection of bacterial cells sharing overall pattern of traits that differ from the pattern in other bacteria.

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54
Q

What is a strain or variety?

A

A culture obtained from a single parent that differs in structure or metabolism from other cultures of the species

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55
Q

What is a “type”?

A

A subspecies that can show differences in antigenic makeup (serotype or serovar). Susceptibility to bacterial viruses (phage type) and in phatogenicity (phatotype)

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56
Q

How is phenotypical qualities used for identification in clinical diagnosis?

A

Divide bacteria based on cell wall structure, shape, arrangement, and physiological traits. Used for clinical identification of pathogens not taxonomy

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57
Q

What are the types of coccus (sphere) bacteria?

A

1) Diplococci: pairs of cells
2) Streptococci: chains of cells
3) Tetrads: four cells
4) Sarcinae: cubes or packets of cocci
5) Staphylococci: grape-like bunches

58
Q

What are the types of bacillus (rod) bacteria?

A

1) Diplobacilli: pairs of bacilli
2) Streptobacilli: chains of cells
3) V-shape and palisade arrangement

59
Q

Vibrio

A

Curved

60
Q

Spirillum

A

Rigid curved spiral

61
Q

Spirochete

A

Flexible cork screw

62
Q

What is a pleomorphic bacteria?

A

A bacteria that lack a cell wall in varied cell shapes

63
Q

What is the outer coating membrane of a bacteria called? What are some characteristics of this membrane?

A

The outer membrane is called Glycocalyx.
It is made of polysaccharide, protein or both
It functions for attachment and protection

64
Q

There are two types of glycocalyx, what are they?

A

1) Slime layer, loosely associated with cell surface

2) Capsule, more organized structure, more tightly associated with a cell, it is a key virulence trait

65
Q

What are biofilms? Give 1 example

A

3D communities of microorganisms. Cells are embedded in extra cellular polymetric substance of carbohydrate rich. Difficult to remove all cells
Ex. Dental plaque

66
Q

What are 3 external appendages?

A

1) Flagella
2) Pili
3) Fimbriae

67
Q

What are flagella properties/ characteristics?

A

A molecular motor
3 part structure:
1) filament (propeller), made of flagellin (protein)
2) hook, connect filament and basal body
3) basal body (motor), anchored to a wall and membrane

68
Q

What is the function of the flagella?

A

Movement, motility, whip-like movement of the filament propels bacteria

69
Q

What are the 4 arrangements of the flagella?

A

1) monotrichous, one flagellum at the end
2) lophotrichous, bunches of flagella at the end
3) amphitrichous, flagella at both ends
4) peritrichous, flagella all over the cell

70
Q

What is “taxis” and what are the two types of it?

A

Taxis is the movement towards or away the stimuli

  • chemotaxis: in response to chemical
  • phototaxis: in response to light
71
Q

What are the 2 flagella movements?

A

Run: counter clockwise flagellar rotation propels bacteria forward
Tumbling: clockwise rotation

72
Q

What are spirochetes? Give 2 examples

A

Helical cells with axial filaments, located between cell wall andouter sheath. Rotation leads to a corkscrew motion
Ex.
1) Treporema pallidum: syphilis
2) Borrelia burgdorferi: Lyme disease

73
Q

What is fimbriae? Give 2 examples

A

Short rods, appendages made of protein used for attachment.
Ex.
1) Neisseria gonorrhoeae: gonorrhea
2) Escherichia Coli: food poisoning

74
Q

What are pili (plural) pilus (singular)?

A

Long rigid tubular structure, used for DNA exchange.

75
Q

What is a cell envelope?

A

Cell membrane and cell wall, maintains cell integrity.

76
Q

What are the two groups of envelope and their characteristics?

A

1) Gram positive: thick peptidoglycan layer and cell membrane
2) Gram negative: outer membrane, thing peptidoglycan layer and cell membrane

77
Q

What is a peptidoglycan?

A

A disaccharide polymer made of

  • N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
  • N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
  • peptide crosslinks
78
Q

What is the difference peptidoglycan in Gram Positive and Gram Negative?

A
  • Gram Positive: there is indirect peptide interbridge between tetrapeptides
  • Gram negative: there is direct connections between tetrapeptides
79
Q

What are the characteristics of a Gram negative cell wall?

A

Thin peptidoglycan layer

Outer membrane is a barrier to antibiotics

80
Q

What are the characteristics of a mycobacterium? Give 2 examples

A

Provide resistance to many chemicals and dyes. Identified using acid fast stain. Gram positive cell wall structure.
Ex. 1) mycobacterium tuberculosis
2) mycobacterium leprae

81
Q

What are the characteristics of mycoplasma? Give one example

A

No cell wall, cell membrane reinforced by sterols, very small
Ex. Mycoplasma pneumoniae

82
Q

What are the 5 internal contents of the cell?

A
  1. Cytoplasm
  2. DNA
  3. Ribosomes
  4. Inclusions
  5. Endospores (not all bacteria)
83
Q

What are 3 characteristics of bacterial chromosome?

A
  1. Single, circular double stranded protein
  2. Contains information for synthesizing proteins
  3. Not surrounded by a membrane
84
Q

Which region in the cell is the chromosome found?

A

Nucleoid

85
Q

What type of DNA do bacteria have? What are some characteristics of it?

A 
Plasmids:
Extrachromosomal, circular double stranded 
Replicate on their own 
Transferable 
Carry advantageous genes
86
Q

What are inclusions?

A

They do accumulation of nutrients (storage), vary in size, number and content

87
Q

What are some types of inclusions? (5)

A
  1. Poly b-hydroxybutarate (PHB): energy
  2. Metachromatic granules: phosphate storage
  3. Sulfur granules: energy
  4. Gas vesicles: buoyancy
  5. Magnetosomes: magnetotaxis
88
Q

Name the innermost layer to the outermost of an endospore:

A

Core-> cortex -> spore coat -> exosporium

89
Q

How is endospore generated?

A

Sporulation, stimulated by the lack of nutrients. Endospore formation happens inside of the mother cell, DNA must be replicated.

90
Q

What are endospore structures?

A

Survival structures that are metabolic innactive, formed when cells run out of nutrients. Very resistant to heat, chemicals, etc. contains DNA, ribosomes and RNA, which are the essential components for resuming metabolism and growth

91
Q

What are the 4 steps of sporulation cycle?

A
  1. Activation
  2. Germination
  3. Outgrowth: new vegetative cell
  4. Not reproduction
92
Q

Eukaryotic cell wall are rich in….

A

Carbohydrates

93
Q

What defines fungi cell walls?

A

Chiatin

94
Q

What are some characteristics of eukaryotic cell membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer, stabilized by sterols, for example cholesterol in animals

95
Q

DNA is __________ into RNA

A

Transcribed

96
Q

RNA is _________ into proteins

A

Translated

97
Q

What is an endomembrane system? Give some examples

A

Series of single membranes bound organelles.

Ex. Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, lysosomes, vacuoles….

98
Q

What is an endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Network of sacs and tubules made of membrane

99
Q

What are two forms of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough ER and smooth ER

100
Q

Rough ER synthesizes…..

A

Protein

101
Q

Smooth ER synthesizes……

A

Lipids

102
Q

What are vesicles responsible for?

A

Transport, move material around the cell from the ER to golgi

103
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus composed of and what is its function?

A

Golgi is a stack of membranous sacs responsible for protein folding, packing, modification and sorting.

104
Q

What are lysosomes composed of and what are their function?

A

Lysosomes contain enzymes that lyse substances, digest complex molecules , break down damaged cell components (autophagy) and ingested material

105
Q

What are mitochondria responsible for?

A

Site of energy, production and biosynthesis

106
Q

What do chloroplasts do and where are they found?

A

They convert light energy into chemical energy and they are found in plants and protists

107
Q

What is the endosymbiosis theory?

A

Chloroplasts and mitochondria appear to have originated as free living bacteria. Because they contain their own genome, replicate separate from cell cycle and have double membrane.

108
Q

What is the cytoskeleton composed of?

A

Microtubules (largest)
Microfilaments (smallest)
Intermediate filaments

109
Q

What is the microtubule function?

A

Move eukaryotic cells: flagella and cilia

110
Q

What are two types of microscopic fungi and their morphologies?

A
  1. Yeast: round, ovoid cells

2. Hyphae: long filaments

111
Q

What are some characteristics of yeast?

A

Form loose colonies with uniform texture and appearance. Cells may divide by fission or budding

112
Q

What are some filamentous fungi characteristics?

A

Grow in mass of hyphae called mycelium. Have a hairy texture. Hyphae may be divided by cross walls

113
Q

What are the types of fungal reproduction and their characteristics?

A
  1. Asexual: hyphae can elongate, fragments can form a new colony. Scores formed by mitosis and released, mitotic division of yeast cells
  2. Sexual: meiosis to reproduce haploid cells
114
Q

What is the fungal classification based on?

A

Mating structures

115
Q

What are the different types of protists?

A

Sarcondina
Mastigophora (flagellates)
Ciliophora (ciliates)
Sporozoa (apicomplexa)

116
Q

What are viruses?

A

Acellular pathogens

117
Q

What is the only way that viruses can replicate?

A

Inside host cells, intracellular parasites

118
Q

What is the structure of a virus?

A

Capsid (protein coat) protects nucleic acid genome

Capsid + DNA called the nucleocapsid

119
Q

Some virus have a membrane coating, what is it called?

A

Viral envelope

120
Q

What are the three types of viruses?

A

Helical
Polyhedral
Complex

121
Q

What is the viral genome?

A

DNA: ds or ss, linear or circular
OR
RNA: usually ss, may be ds

122
Q

Function of nucleic acid

A

Carries genes necessary for host cell invasion and for directing host machinery to assemble new viruses

123
Q

What may be present in the virus particle? Give some examples

A

Some pre-formed enzymes may be present in the virus particle:
Polymerase: DNA or RNA
Replicate: copy RNA
Reverse transcriptase: synthesis of DNA from RNA

124
Q

What does reverse transcriptase do?

A

Synthesis of DNA from RNA

125
Q

Replicase

A

Copy of RNA

126
Q

How the replication of animal viruses happen?

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Entry
  3. Synthesis
  4. Assembly
  5. Release
127
Q

Explain attachment and entry

A

It is the interaction between the virus surface and the host cell surface (adsorption)
Genome enters the host cell
Genome is released from capsid (uncoating)

128
Q

How does the host range of a virus work?

A

Adsorption depends on a virus happening to interact with the surface of a cell with appropriate surface receptors

129
Q

Hepatitis B infects…..

A

Liver cells

130
Q

Polio virus infects….

A

Primate intestinal and nerve cells

131
Q

Rabies infects….

A

Various mammalian cells

132
Q

HIV infects….

A

Certain blood cells CD4 + T cells

133
Q

Synthesis

A

Viral components produced

134
Q

Assembly

A

New viral particles constructed

135
Q

Release

A

Exocytosis or cell lysis

136
Q

What is the cytopathic effect that the viruses cause to the host cells?

A

Virus induced damage to cells
Changes cell in size and shape. Cytoplasmic inclusions bodies. Cell fusion into mutinucleated cells. DNA alterations and cancerous transformation. Cell lysis

137
Q

What are the two types of viral infection?

A

Persistent infection and latent infection

138
Q

Persistent infection

A

Host cell not immediately lysed

Can shed viruses for an extended period

139
Q

Latent infection

A

Viral genetic information incorporated into host genome. Can be reactivated later.
Ex. Measles virus in brain cells
Herpes simplex virus: cold sores and genital herpes
Herpes zoster: chickenpox and shingles

140
Q

What are the medical importance of viruses?

A

Most common causes of acute infections
Some infections have a high mortality rate
Possible connection of viruses to chronic afflictions of unknown cause

141
Q

How does replication of bacteriophage happens?

A

Only DNA enters the cell, so no uncoating necessary

BMS 212 (1 decks)

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