Exam 1

Question 1

What did Ludwig and Waller discover?

Answer 1

Heart’s rhythmic electrical stimuli could be monitored from a person’s skin

Question 2

What did Kollicker and Mueller discover?

Answer 2

There was a motor nerve connected to the heart

Heart must have a rhythmic discharge of electricity

Question 3

What did Luigi Galvani discover?

Answer 3

An electrical current causes a frog’s leg to kick

Question 4

What can prompt an EKG to be taken?

Answer 4

Syncope
Palpitations
Chest pain
Family history
Regular physical

Question 5

What is the electrical pathway through the heart?

Answer 5

SA node
Internodal Pathway
AV node
Bundle of His
Bundle branches
His-Purkinje fibers

Question 6

What does the P wave signify?

Answer 6

Atrial depolarization

Atrial contraction

Question 7

What does the QRS wave signify?

Answer 7

Ventricular depolarization

Question 8

What does the T wave signify?

Answer 8

Ventricular repolarization

Question 9

What is the U point?

Answer 9

Final stage of repolarization that is seen after the T wave

Only seen in bradycardia

Question 10

What is the J point?

Answer 10

Where the QRS line returns to baseline

Question 11

What causes depolarization?

Answer 11

Influx of positively charged sodium ions

Question 12

What causes repolarization?

Answer 12

Potassium flows out of cell

Question 13

What causes a downward deflection on an EKG?

Answer 13

Wave of depolarization is flowing away from the positive skin electrode

Question 14

Where is ventricular contraction shown on an EKG?

Answer 14

QT interval

Begins with QRS and persists until the end of the T wave

Question 15

What is the pacemaker of the heart?

Answer 15

SA node

Question 16

What parts of the heart can maintain automaticity?

Answer 16

SA node - 60 to 100 bpm
Atria - 60 to 80 bpm
AV node - 40 to 60 bpm
Ventricles - Less than 40 bpm

Question 17

How can you tell if the P wave is working on an EKG?

Answer 17

Presence of a P wave

Question 18

How much time is in the smallest box on EKG paper?

Answer 18

0.04 seconds

Question 19

What are the 6 limb leads on an EKG?

Answer 19

I
II
III
AVR
AVL
AVF

Question 20

What are the 6 chest leads on an EKG?

Answer 20

V1
V2
V3
V4
V5
V6

Question 21

How are the leads (Bipolar)placed to make the Einthoven’s triangle?

Answer 21

Lead 1 - RA neg, LA pos
Lead 2 - RA neg, LL pos
Lead 3 - LA neg, LL pos

Question 22

What are the augmented limb leads?

Answer 22

AVF - LL pos, RA and LA neg
AVR - RA pos, LA and LL neg
AVL - LA pos, RA and LL neg

Question 23

Where do the V1-V6 leads go?

Answer 23

V1 begins on the sternum and increase as they are placed laterally
Chest is positive, back is negative
Oriented through the AV node

Question 24

What are the lateral leads?

Answer 24

I and AVL

Question 25

What are the inferior leads?

Answer 25

II, III, and AVF

Question 26

What causes the sympathetic effect on the heart?

Answer 26

Norepi and Epi

Question 27

What causes the parasympathetic effect on the heart?

Answer 27

Acetylcholine

Question 28

What is classified as sinus bradycardia?

Answer 28

40 to 60 bpm

Can occur from parasympathetic excess (conditioned atheletes)

Question 29

What is classified as sinus tachycardia?

Answer 29

100 - 150

Can occur from sympathetic excess (exercise)

Question 30

When does an irritable automaticity focus happen?

Answer 30

Physiological/pathological emergency
Is a sudden discharge at a rapid rate (150-250 bpm)
Hypokalemia, ischemia, and infarction

Question 31

When can the 6 second strip method be used for calculating HR?

Answer 31

Bradycardia

Question 32

What are the different methods for measuring heart rate on an EKG?

Answer 32

Large box method

6 second strip method

Question 33

What is the normal PR interval?

Answer 33

0.12 to 0.2 seconds

Question 34

What is the normal QRS interval?

Answer 34

0.06 to 0.10 seconds