Exam 1

Question 1

Statistics is (broadly)

Answer 1

Plausible and Probabilistic

Question 2

Two Branches of Stats

Answer 2

Descriptive and Inferential

Question 3

Which branch organizes, summarizes, and communicates observations?

Answer 3

Descriptive Stats

Question 4

Which branch uses sample data to make estimates about populations?

Answer 4

Inferential Stats

Question 5

What is a Sample?

Answer 5

A set of observations drawn from a population (the taste test)

Question 6

What is a Population?

Answer 6

ALL possible observations (the pot of sauce)

Question 7

What is a Variable?

Answer 7

Observations of characteristics that take on (at least 2) different values

Question 8

What is an Operational Definition?

Answer 8

It is what defines a variable in terms of a specific process or procedure needed to determine its existence (instructions that standardize measurement or manipulation)

Question 9

Whole numbers, with no other values existing between them

Answer 9

Discrete Observations

Question 10

Categorical Variables aka

Answer 10

Nominal Variables

Question 11

No order, rank, or numerical value

Answer 11

Nominal Variables

Question 12

Observations with rank

Answer 12

Ordinal Variables

Question 13

Distance between ranking does not matter for

Answer 13

Ordinal Variables

Question 14

Full range of values with infinite possibilities

Answer 14

Continuous Observations

Question 15

Has measurements with meaningful numbers

Answer 15

Continuous Observations

Question 16

Numbers as values with equal distance between consecutive numbers (zero is not “nothing”)

Answer 16

Interval Variables

Question 17

Example of Interval Variable

Answer 17

Temperature

Question 18

Example of Discrete Observation

Answer 18

Tater Tots

Question 19

Example of Continuous Observation

Answer 19

Mashed Potatoes

Question 20

Numbers as values with equal distance between consecutive numbers (zero is meaningful)

Answer 20

Ratio Variables/Scales

Question 21

Example of Ratio Variable

Answer 21

How much of something

Question 22

Experiments do what

Answer 22

Manipulate and Measure

Question 23

The cause is the

Answer 23

Manipulation

Question 24

The effect is the

Answer 24

Measurement

Question 25

IV

Answer 25

Manipulated variable: controlled by experimenter and has levels with assigned participants

Question 26

DV

Answer 26

Measured variable: record of a variable for every level

Question 27

Confounding Variable

Answer 27

Any variable that systematically varies with the IV so that it is impossible to determine which variable is at work influencing the DV

Question 28

Experimental IV

Answer 28

Manipulated

Question 29

Control IV

Answer 29

Not manipulated

Question 30

The process of drawing conclusions about whether a specific relation between two variables is supported by evidence

Answer 30

Hypothesis Testing

Question 31

H0

Answer 31

Null Hypothesis

Question 32

The “Norm” is

Answer 32

The Null Hypothesis

Question 33

What is an experiment trying to disprove

Answer 33

The Null Hypothesis

Question 34

If nothing is happening we say:

Answer 34

We fail to reject the null hypothesis

Question 35

If something is happening we say:

Answer 35

We reject the null hypothesis

Question 36

Something is happening refers to the

Answer 36

Alternative/Experimental Hypothesis (H1)

Question 37

H1

Answer 37

Experimental Hypothesis