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ANA 611 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the axial skeleton?

A
  1. support 2. movement 3. protection
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2
Q

What is the large flat piece of tendon associated with large flat muscles (ie. latissiumus dorsi, trapezius)?

A

aponeurosis

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3
Q

PAID for sternocleidomastoid

P.- proximal attachment

A.- Action

I.- Innervation

D.- distal attachment

A

P- mastoid process

A- unilateral contraction: head tilt to opposite side, bilateral: head flexion

I- CN XI, Accessory nerve

P- manubrium and inferior border clavicular head

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4
Q

What happens when an intervertebral disk is compressed and herniates?

A

The nucleus (jelly center) is pushed dorsally into the IVF (ligaments along ventral edge are too tough to push through), which impinges on one or both roots . depending on vertebral region , will cause numbness, pain, parathesia in different regions.

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5
Q

PAID for Levator scapulae

P.- proximal attachment

A.- Action

I.- Innervation

D.- distal attachment

A

P- transverse processes of upper cervical vertebrae

A- scapular elevation

I- dorsal scapular nerve

D- medial superior border of scapula

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6
Q

What is the spinal nerve composed of?

A

formed by union of ventral (motor) and dorsal (sensory) roots, therefore is a mixed nerve.

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7
Q

Where does the spinal cord exit the skull?

A

At the foramen magnum of the occipital bones of the skull

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8
Q

In ventral roots, visceral motor fibers innervate which types of muscles?

A

smooth, cardiac, and glands

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9
Q

How many sectional planes are there, and describe each

A

3 1. Frontal- anterior (ventral) /posterior (dorsal) 2. Sagittal (median)- left/right. parasagittal 3. Transverse- top and bottom

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10
Q

Bones in the vertebral arch?

A

pedicle, lamina, vertebral body

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11
Q

How many vertebra in each region along spine?

A

Cervical-7 Thoracic- 12 Lumbar-5 Sacral- 5 (fused) Coccygeal (4)

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12
Q

How many spinal enlargements are there, vertebral region, and why are they enlarged?

A

-2 - Cervical C4-T1 and Lumber L2-L3 - Enlargements represent increased neuronal density/activity as they supply the upper and lower limbs through the brachial and lumbosacral plexuses, respectively

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13
Q

What is the Conus Medullaris and its function?

A

located just below the lumbar enlargement, CM is a narrowing cone shaped area at the lumbar vertebral region that houses the Filum Terminale.

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14
Q

what extensions help anchor the SC to the dura mater ?

A

Denticulate ligaments

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15
Q

How many layers are there of superficial back muscles, and what muscles are contained in each?

A

2

Superficial extrinsic- trapezius, latissimus dorsi

deep extrinsic- levator scapulae, rhomboids (major and minor)

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16
Q

During a lumbar puncture procedure, 1. where is this performed, 2. why there?

A
  1. Below L-2 and the CM in the subarachnoid space. 2. injecting into the cauda equina minimizes and almost eliminates risk of puncturing the SC.
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17
Q

Function of Costal and demifacets?

A

attachment points of respective rib to costal and demifacet.

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18
Q

What components make up the CNS?

A

Brain and spine cord

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19
Q

Which nerves are located in the posterior triangle, and what type are they?

A

4 of 5 are cutaneous sensory nerves.

1 of 5 is mixed (sensory + motor)

Sensory only: supraclavicular, transverse cervical, great auricular, lesser occiptal

Senory + Motor: CN XI/Accessory nerve

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20
Q

What are the general type of muscles of the back?

A

superficial

intermediate

deep

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21
Q

What bones are contained in the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, Rib cage, vertebral column

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22
Q

In ventral roots, somatic motor fibers innervate which type of muscles?

A

skeletal , originating from neurons in the anterior horn.

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23
Q

What type of neurons do the dorsal horns contain in gray matter?

A

Sensory

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24
Q

PAID for Latissimus Dorsi

P.- proximal attachment

A.- Action

I.- Innervation

D.- distal attachment

A

P- lower thoracic spinous processes, iliac crest, inferior 3-4 ribs

A- adducts, internally rotates, and extends the arm at the glenohumeral joint

I- thoracodorsal nerve

D- anterior floor of the intertubercular groove of humerus

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25
Q

What are spinal ganglions and where are they located?

A

collection of neurons OUTSIDE the CNS in the IVF. ; atypical morphology in that their long axon can be divided into two parts along the cell body.

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26
Q

Where is the cervical plexus located, and its name?

A

Erb’s point, located along posterior border of SCM

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27
Q

How many different type of processes are in a typical vertebra? Describe their functions

A

3 1.Spinous process- movement; many muscle attachments. 2. Articular- *superior, movement, movement of vertebrae against one another. 3. Transverse- movement; “wings” muscle attachment

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28
Q

How and where do vertebrae associate and connect to one another?

A

Via a synovial joint along the inferior articular process of one vertebra and superior articular process of the adjacent vertebra

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29
Q

What is the Cauda Equina and its function?

A

“horse tail” - dorsal and ventral SN roots of the inferior segments of the conus medullaris that extend to their respective IVF; this includes the Filum Terminale

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30
Q

What is the difference in white and gray matter?

A

White matter is composed of bundles of ascending or descending myelinated fibers (think white sheath)

Gray matter is composed of neuronal cell bodies and glial cell bodies

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31
Q

True or False:

A patient with the varicella zoster virus will exhibit a generalized rash.

A

False:

The shingles virus usually follows a specific dermatome, which appears as a band or small strip; along one side of the body or face

32
Q

P.A.I.D. for Trapezius

P.- proximal attachment

A.- Action

I.- Innervation

D.- distal attachment

A

P- cervical and thoracic spinous processes of spine

A- superior fibers: scapular elevation, middle fibers: scapular retraction, inferior fibers: scapular depression

I- Innervation: Accessory nerve (CN XI)

D- clavicle, acromion, scapular spine

33
Q

Draw/label cross section of vertebral column

A

insert pic

34
Q

What are the borders of the posterior triangle?

A

anterior: posterior border of SCM
base: superior border of clavicle
posterior: anterior border of the trapezius
roof: deep cervical fascia
floor: prevertebral fascia

35
Q

How does the spinal cord receive its blood supply?

A

longitudinally by 1 anterior SA and two posterior SAs; supplemented by segmental arteries at each vertebral level

36
Q

Which muscle is a key landmark of the neck for dividing it into two triangles and their names?

A

SCM

anterior and posterior triangles

37
Q

What type of neurons are contained in the intermediate grey matter?

A

interneurons and sympathetic neurons

(ie. intermodeiolateral cell column (IML)

38
Q

The vertebral column consists of how many vertebrae?

A

33

39
Q

Where do MOST spinal nerves exit their respective vertebrae? which one are typical? how so? (hint: 2 oddities)

A

-Thoracic and lumbar SNs exit BELOW vertebrae. - 1. There are 7 cervical vertebrae, but 8 cervical SNs. 2. Cervical SNs exit ABOVE the vertebrae.

40
Q

What does the film terminale do?

A

single filament that extends from conus medullaris through the middle of the caudal equina to attach to the coccyx.

41
Q

what is contained within the intervertebral foramen and where is it located?

A

comprised of the inferior vertebral notch, spinal nerve (and DRG), and superior vertebral notch. located on either side of vertebral body and just below the articular process

42
Q

What is the Filum Terminale?

A

“end filament” - single extension of the Pia mater/SC from CM that terminates at the coccyx, via the filum terminale externum (coccygeal ligament)

43
Q

What type of neurons do the ventral horns contain?

A

motor

44
Q

PAID for Rhomboids

P.- proximal attachment

A.- Action

I.- Innervation

D.- distal attachment

A

P- transverse processes of cervical vertebrae

A- scapular retraction

I- dorsal scapular nerve

D- medial border of scapula

45
Q

Which back muscles are extrinisic, and what does that mean?

A

superficial and intermediate

extrinsic muscles are those that connect the axial skeleton to the appendicular

46
Q

Name/describe the meninges; superficial to deep

A
  1. dura mater (outermost)- hard outer covering of SC that extends to S2 level. 2. arachnoid membrane- avascular membrane depth the DM extends also to S2. subarachnoid space filled with CSF where SC floats 3. pia mater. single cell layer thick, adherent to SC.
47
Q

Where is anesthesia placed for females in active labor?

A

In the epidural lumbar space under L2

48
Q

Define anatomical position.

A

Standing erect with palms facing forward.

49
Q

Which back muscles are intrinsic, and what does that mean?

A

deep back muscles

intrinsic muscles are those that connect axial to axial skeletons

50
Q

What vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate in adults and infants?

A

L1-L2 in adults L3 in infants

51
Q

What structures are used as landmarks to locate the brachial plexus deep in the posterior triangle?

A

The middle and anterior scalene muscles

52
Q

When viewed from a SUPERIOR view, what are the anterior, medial, and posterior borders of the axilla?

A

Anterior: clavicle

medial: rib 1
posterior: scapula

53
Q

From a SUPERIOR view, what muscles form the anterior, posterior, and medial walls of the axilla?

A

Anterior: pectoralis major, minor

Posterior: subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, and teres major

Medial: serratus anterior, intercostals

54
Q

What artery is associated with the brachial plexus as it passes through the axilla, and what is the name of the bp as it does so?

A

axillary artery, cords

55
Q

what landmark of the upper limb is used to denote the name change of the axillary artery to the brachial a?

A

lower border of the teres major

56
Q

The axillary artery is divided into how many parts, and what muscle overlaps?

A

3, pectorialis minor

57
Q

How many divisions are there in the divided axillary artery, and what is a good tip to remembering this?

A

3 divisions

The number of divisions is equal the number of branches in each division.

58
Q

What nerve innervates the levator scapulae and rhomboids minor and major?

A

dorsal scapular (C5)

59
Q

What connective structure forms and separates the forearm compartments (2)?

A

Invaginations of the antebrachial fascia and interosseous membrane

60
Q

What does the antebrachial fascia do?

A

Surrounds the forearm with a thick connective tissue that protects all the structures in the forearm, along with separating the FA into anterior and posterior compartments

61
Q

What is the major innervator for the flexor/anterior compartment of the forearm, with a few exceptions?

A

Median nerve

62
Q

P.A.I.D. for Pronator Teres

A

P: medial epicondyle

A: pronates wrist

I. median n.

D.: Radius

63
Q

P.A.I.D. for Flexor carpi radialis

A

P.: medial epiondyle

A.: flexes wrist, aBducts hand

I. median n.

D.: 2nd metacarpal

64
Q

P.A.I.D. for Palmaris longus

A

P.: medial epicondyle

A.: flexes wrist, tenses palmar aponeurosis

I.: median n.

D. palmar aponeurosis

65
Q

P.A.I.D. for Flexor carpi ulnaris

A

P.: medial epicondyle

A.: adDucts wrist, flexes wrist

I. ulnar n.

D.: 5th metacarpal, hook of hamate, pisiform

66
Q

P.A.I.D. for Flexor digitorum superficialis

A

P- medial epicondyle

A- flexes proximal and middle phalangeal joints, digits 2-5

I- median n.

D.- middle phalangeal joints of digits 2-5

67
Q

P.A.I.D. for Brachioradialis

A

P: lateral epicondyle

A: flexes forearm

I: radial n.

D: styloid process of radius

68
Q

What anterior compartment muscles of the forearm are superficial?

A

Pronator teres

flexor carpi radialis

flexor carpi ulnaris

palmaris longus

flexor digitorum superficialis

brachioradialis*- can be in either anterior or posterior compartments

69
Q

What anterior compartment muscles of the forearm are in the deep group?

A

flexor digitorum profundus

flexor pollicis longus

pronator quadratus

70
Q

What posterior compartment muscles of the forearm are in the supeficial group?

A

extensor carpi radialis longus

extensor carpi radialis brevis

extensor digitorum

extensor digiti minimi

extensor carpi ulnaris

71
Q

What are two structures that keep the long tendons of the hand in place?

Hint: they act much like the flexor retinaculum in the wrist.

A
  1. Osseofibrous tunnel over each finger
  2. synovial membrane bands that are attached both close to tendon attachments (DIP,PIP,MCP), but also proximally

vincula breve, vinculum longum

72
Q

What posterior compartment extensor muscles of the forearm belong to the deep group?

A

Supinator

abductor pollicis longus

extensor pollicis brevis

extensor pollicis longus

extensor indicis

73
Q

What are the major blood vessels of the forearm?

proximal to distal- stop before hand

A

Brachial artery bifurcates to

  1. radial a. (lateral)
  2. Ulnar a. (medial)
    1. Common interosseous a.
      1. Anterior interosseous a
      2. Posterior interosseous a. (dives through IM ligament gap
74
Q

What innervates the flexor compartment of the forearm?

A

Median nerve except for 2;

Ulnar n. : flexor carpi ulnaris and 1/2 flexor digitorum profundus

75
Q

What innverates the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Radial nerve

76
Q

Which 3 muscles form the anatomical snuff box?

A

extensor pollicis longus

ext. pollicis brevis

abductor pollicis brevis

77
Q
A

ANA 611 (1 decks)

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