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cell physiology > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods
• Unspecialized
• Generate daughter cells that can differentiate into many specialized cells
• Exist in embryos & adult tissues

A

stem cells

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2
Q

Potential of a single cell to develop into an entire organism

A

totipotent

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3
Q

• Ability to develop into all cell types of the body, but not supporting structures (placenta, amnion, etc.)

A

pluripotent

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4
Q

Ability to give rise to a small number of different cell types

A

multioitent

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5
Q

• Capacity to give rise to a single cell type

A

Unipotent

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6
Q

 Found in early embryos

 Able to differentiate into MANY cell types = plasticity

A

pluripotent stem cell

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7
Q

Blood cells: red blood cells, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages, platelets

A

hematopathic stem cells

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8
Q

Epidermis, keratinocytes, hair follicles

A

skin stem cells

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9
Q

Neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes

A

neural stem cells

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10
Q

Digestive tract lining: absorptive cells, goblet cells, Paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells

A

epithelial stem cells

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11
Q
  • Originally found in bone marrow
  • Also located in adipose tissue, nervous system, skin, tendon, ligaments, synovial membranes, muscle, trabecular bone
  • Give rise to osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes & other connective tissue
A

Multipotent Stem Cells (Adult)

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12
Q

 Able to differentiate into 1 type of cell
 Ex. Hepatoblasts can differentiate to hepatocytes of
the liver

A

unipotent

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13
Q

intermediate cells

A

Progenitors

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14
Q

Daughter cells from same replication have different fates

A

asymmetric cell division

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15
Q

dysregulation of ________ cell division lead to cancer

A

asymmetric

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16
Q

 Microenvironment that controls stem cell self-renewal  Prevents stem cells from becoming depleted or
overproduced
 Controlled by extrinsic & intrinsic signaling
 Including nutrients and growth factors in the fluid surrounding the cell

A

stem cell niche

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17
Q

Use of stem cells to treat the following conditions

A

Parkinson’s disease, Type 1 diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, spinal cord injury, burns, heart disease, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis

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18
Q

• What are proteoglycans made of?

A

GAG’s (mucopolysaccharides) and proteins

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19
Q

 negative charged sugars
 Also called mucopolysaccharides
 Chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparan sulfate

A

GAG’s (mucopolysaccharides)

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20
Q

• What impact does the negative structure of GAGs have on its function?

A

because of its negative structure of GAG’s water floods into the matrix containing GAG’s and creates a swelling pressure

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21
Q

What is the difference between a proteoglycan monomer and aggregate?

A

 Monomers give bottle brush appearance
 GAGs repel each other
 Aggregate is many monomers attached to hyaluronic acid
 Aggregate attached to cell surface

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22
Q

Where are proteoglycans located in the body?

A

They are found in all connective tissues, extracellular matrix (ECM) and on the surfaces of many cell types.

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23
Q

How is collagen assembled (in general)?

A

three helical polypeptide a chains of amino acids that wind around one another forming a collagen triple helix

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24
Q

How would collagen be organized in bone vs tendons?

A

collagen provides strengh and support for bones and tendons

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25
Q

How does elastin differ from collagen?

A

rubber like connective tissiue it is able to stretch and relax without tearing, found in lungs, large arteries and skin,

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26
Q

Genetic mutations in collagen or elastin will lead to which diseases?

A

scurvy vitamin c (deficiency), osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease), ehlers- danlos syndrome (stretchy skin), marfan syndrome, antitrypsin deficiency (inappropriate destruction of lungs)

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27
Q

What is the main adhesive protein in connective tissue?

A

Fibronectin

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28
Q

What it the main adhesive protein in epithelial tissue?

A

Laminin

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29
Q

Which cell junction and proteins seals epithelial cells together?

A

Tight Junction,

cadherin

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30
Q

Which cell junction and proteins are involved with anchoring to the basement membrane?

A

Hemidesmosomes

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31
Q

Which cell junction protein joins cells by binding actin bundles?

A

adherens

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32
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

anchor intermediate filaments between cells

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33
Q

what do integrins bind to for cell-cell or cell-ECM interactions?

A

Ligands

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34
Q

How are adhesion molecules related to cancer, leukocyte deficiency and pemphigoid?

A

when normal cell to cell and/or cell to matrix interactions are altered or interrupted, disease processes can be triggered.

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35
Q

Which molecules are overexpressed during asthma and rheumatoid arthritis?

A

asthma ICAM-1 (iimunoglobin superfamily),

Rheumatoid arthritis integrin LFA-1 & ICAM-2

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36
Q

What does selectin do?

A

bind carbohydrates

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37
Q

How are cell adhesion molecules involved in the 4 steps of extravasation?

A

when a leukocyte from the immune system responds to an infectious agent in tissue, its adhesion molecules must encounter their their ligands and facilitate that cell’s movement from blood into tissiue

38
Q

What types of lipids are found in the cell membrane?

A

pfospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids

39
Q

Why is the structure of a phospholipid important for membrane functionality?

A

make up 40-80% of the entire membrane, and it provides structure and regulation

40
Q

What types of movements may phospholipids encounter?

A

lateral movment, rotation, and flexion

41
Q

What are some examples of phospholipids with a glycerol backbone?

A

shingophospholipids, glycerolphospholipids

42
Q

What is the backbone of sphingomyelin?

A

glycerol

43
Q

How do fatty acid tails of membrane lipids (saturated or desaturated) impact membrane fluidity?

A

saturated has low levels membrane fluidity. and in unsaturated membrane fluidity increases

44
Q

What is the difference between the inner and outer leaflet of the membrane?

A

the inner leaflet is closer to the cytosol than the outer leaflet

45
Q

Do cholesterol-rich regions of the membrane have more or less movement?

A

less movement

46
Q

How does cholesterol impact cell membrane function?

A

Cholesterol decreases motion of the phospholipids = increased rigidity & strength of the membrane

47
Q

What are the functions of lipid rafts?

A

cholesterol transport, endocytosis, and signal transduction

48
Q

What are glycolipids made of?

A

lipids and sugars

49
Q

Which leaflet is the glycocalyx attached?

A

outer leaflet

50
Q

What is the difference between transmembrane and lipid-anchored proteins?

A

transmembrane is Embedded in the lipid bilayer from cytosol to exterior adn lipid anchored proteins are bonded to a lipid, but does not extend through bilayer

51
Q

Where are peripheral proteins found?

A

found on sytosolic side

52
Q

What are some functions of membrane-bound proteins?

A
  • enable ions to enter/exit cell
  • enable other molecules to enter/exit cell
  • enable response fromhormone or other compund
  • bind GTP for cell signaling in response to hormone.
53
Q

How are G-actin and F-actin different?

A
  • G-actin – Globular (single subunit)

* F-actin – Filamentous (2 long strands wound together)

54
Q

Which end is G-actin added to in F-actin?

A

+ end = where G-actin is added

55
Q

What are the steps in synthesis of F-actin?

A

LAG, POLYMERIAZATION, STEADY STATE

56
Q

What are the functions of actin microfilaments?

A

Regulation of the physical state of the cytosol

57
Q

How does actin impact cytosol fluidity?

A

Cytosol can be:
• Gel – firmer due to longer F-actin strands that are bundled or cross-linked
• Sol (soluble) – more liquid due to depolymerization of F-actin

58
Q

What are the functions of contraction in a non-muscle cell?

A
  • necessary for cell movement
  • work on concert with myosin
  • contraction helps support function
  • important closing gap of cells in healing wounds
  • necessary for cell division
59
Q

How many tetramers make up an intermediate filament?

A

8 tetrameres

60
Q

Which form of energy is required for synthesis of microtubules?

A

GTP

61
Q

what are the functions of microtubules? (such as flagella, etc)

A

transportation of chromosomes during division

62
Q

What is the structure of a microtubule like?

A

the structure resembles a hollow cylindrical tube

63
Q

How is a microtubule disassembled?

A 
-Occurs when
dimer addition
slows & GTP cap is
lost
-Loss of the GTP
cap prevents new
dimers from
binding
-Also causes
instability (peeling
of protofilaments)
64
Q

drugs that impact cytoskeletal function

A
  • taxol binds and stabilizes microtubles
  • colchicine, colcemid binds tubuliin and prevents their polymerization
  • vinblastine, vincristine binds tubulin dimers and prevents their polymerization
65
Q

What is the function of each of the 5 parts of the nucleus?

A

-Nuclear envelope = phospholipid bilayer membrane
-Nuclear pores =
communication between nucleus & cytosol
-Nucleoplasm = fluid inside nucleus
-Nuclear lamina = structural organization by intermediate filaments
-Nucleolus = suborganelle where ribosomes are made

66
Q

Where and with what does protein synthesis occur?

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and RER are incorporated into organelle membrane

67
Q

What is synthesized in the smooth ER?

A

lipid and steroid hormones

68
Q

What is the function of the rough ER?

A

protein synthesis

69
Q

Where is calcium stored in the cell?

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

70
Q

Where is ATP generated in the cell?

A

cytoplasm

71
Q

What is the digestive system of the cell?

A

lysosome

72
Q

Mitochondria! structure and function.

A
  • 2 lipid bilayer membranes: inner & outer

- Produces 90% of energy for cell

73
Q

What is the structure and function of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • Made of stacks of flattened membranous sacks

- Makes proteins from RER more specific & sorts them

74
Q

How do prokaryotes & eukaryotes differ?

A
  • prokaryotes lack nucleus, circular dna

- eukaryotes have a nucleus and are larger than prokaryotes

75
Q

What are the 2 types of glycocalyx on bacteria?

A

capsule, and slime layer

76
Q

What are the parts of a flagellum?

A

filament, hook, and basal body

77
Q

What are fimbriae & sex pili important for?

A

they are responsible for movement

78
Q

What makes up the bacterial cell wall?

A

peptidoglycan

79
Q

How are Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria different?

A
  • gram (+), crystal violet color, thick (multilayer) has no periplasmic space or outer membrane, has vurtually no Lipopolysacchiride
  • gram (-) pink or red color, thin single layer, has outer membrane and and periplasmic membrane, high lipopolysacchiride content
80
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur in bacteria?

A

cytoplasm

81
Q

How are plasmids important to bacteria

A

Virtually all plasmids that are used to deliver DNA contain genes for antibiotic resistance.

82
Q

What type of ribosome is found in bacteria?

A

Prokaryotic ribosomes are 70s, Composed of 2 subunits (30S and 50S)

83
Q

What is an endospore?

A

Unique structures produced by some

bacteria that are a defensive strategy

84
Q

Importance of gut microbiota

A

 Obesity
 Diabetes
 Allergies
 Behavior

85
Q

How can we influence our microbiome?

A

 Prebiotics

 Probiotics

86
Q

What are important characteristics of viruses?

A

 Contain single type of nucleic acid-DNA or RNA
 Protein coat surrounds nucleic acid – capsid
 May contain an envelope
 Use host “machinery”
 What are some challenges to people with viral infections

87
Q

What is a capsid?

A

Protein coat (capsid) surrounding a nucleic acid core

88
Q

What makes up an enveloped virion?

A

phospholipids

89
Q

What are the steps in viral replication?

A
  • Attachment of the virion to the host cell
  • Entry of the virion or its genome into host cell
  • Synthesis of new nucleic acids and viral proteins by the host cell’s enzymes and ribosomes
  • Assembly of the new virions within the host cell
  • Release of the new virions from the host cell
90
Q

What are prions and how do they work?

A

 Infectious proteinaceous particles
 Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
 Scrapie
 Mad cow (BSE) and vCJD (Creutsfeldt-Jakob disease)  Kuru
 Chronic wasting disease

cell physiology (1 decks)

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