exam 1 Flashcards
the branch of medicine, policy, and administration that protects populations of people from diseases
public health
intersection of vet medicine and public health
vet public health
T/F
there are less than 70 million food borne disease cases a year in the USA
FALSE – more and 70 mill
T/F
Most foodborne disease agents originate from
animals
TRUE
diseases with animal reservoirs
zoonoses
zoonoses account for what percent of emerging diseases
75%
what was SARS originally
a bat coronavirus
the study of distribution and determinants of disease and other health outcomes in animal populations
epizootiology
what are the three “dynamics” of disease transmission
host
agent
environment
who discovered cholera was spread fecal-orally in londons water supply
john snow - 1849
earliest reports of anthrax
1491BC
who first isolated the bacteria that causes anthrax
robert koch 1879
who had the anthrax vaccine in 1881
pasteur – for sheep goats and cattle
discovered malaria is transmitted by mosquitos
Ronald Ross
discovered yellow fever is from mosquitoes
Walter Reed
T/F
knowing the specific agent is more important than transmission method in disease prevention
FALSE – other way
habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows, multiplies
reservoir
**maintain pathogens over time year to year, generation to generation
three questions to decide if its a reservoir
- naturally infected
- maintain pathogen over time
- can source transmit disease to a new susceptible host
T/F
all sick animals are reservoirs
FALSE
infection doesnt equal disease doesnt equal infectivity
transmission from host to offspring
vertical
pathogens that can cross the placenta
congenital transmission (vertical type)
transmitted during parturition via colostrum
perinatal – vertical type
transmission from reservoir to new host
horizontal
T/F
airborne is a type of direct transmission
TRUE q
any inanimate object that serves to communicate a disease
vehicle
a living organism that serves to communicate a disease
vector
objects that can be contaminated and transmit disease on a limited scale
fomites
microbe is replicating but not enough to be infectious
latent
microbe is replicating but not yet symptomatic
incubation
invasion, not multiplication of an organism
infestation
disease caused by an agent capable of transmission by direct, airborne, or indirect routes from an infected person, animal, plant or a contaminated inanimate reservoir
communicable
disease transmissible from one human/animal to another via direct or airborne routes
contagious
disease caused by the invasion and multiplication of a living agent in/on a host
infectious
what do epidemic curves tell you
– Most probable source of the outbreak
– If the pathogen is contagious
– If the outbreak is ending – or will continue
– Incubation period of the pathogen (sometimes)
– About outliers
Represent the number of new cases of
disease, over time
epidemic curve
common point single source exposure curves
All animals are exposed at once • All are exposed to the same source of infection • Not contagious • Can determine the minimum, average, and maximum incubation time
common source with intermittent exposure curve
- Animals are exposed at different times
- Exposed to the same source
- Incubation period is NOT clearly shown
A situation in which all factors influencing
disease are relatively stable, resulting in little
fluctuation in disease incidence over time
endemic stability
– New cases occur at a regular, usually low, level
– Young individuals may enter the population
– Old individuals die or are removed
Factors that help DETERMINE the probability, distribution, or severity of a disease in an animal or population of animals
determinants
Social Economic Physical environment Person/animal individual characteristics, behaviors, and genetics
primary determinant
a MAJOR contributing factor, usually a
NECESSARY one
secondary determinant
factors that make the disease more or less LIKELY; predisposing or enabling factors
intrinsic determinant
determinants that are internal to the
animal (age, breed, sex, etc.)
extrinsic determinant
determinants that are external to the
animal (housing, medical treatment, etc.)
T/F
primary determinants must always be present for a disease to occur
TRUE
extrinsic factors of an infectious agent
Infectivity • Pathogenicity • Virulence • Immunogenicity • Mutation rate • Resistance
extrinsic factors of the environment
- Demographics
- Climate
- Housing
- Crowding/density
- Diet
- Stress
what can mutations include as far as agent determinants go…
– Increased infectivity within typical hosts
– Ability to infect new species / populations of hosts
– Acquisition of new toxins
– Immune system evasion
All of these host factors are intrinsic/extrinsic??
-Age • Sex & Behavior • Genotype • Breed • Nutrition • Immunity
INTRINSIC
genotype
a term describing the DNA
sequence, or “type”, of an individual
T/F
genetic diseases are entirely determined by genotype
TRUE
T/F
Nutrition has a strong effect on immune
function
TRUE
The idea that infectious diseases can be
contained if the population’s resistance to
infection is high enough
herd immunity
T/F
herd immunity protects individuals
false
emerging dz definition
– PREVIOUSLY UNKNOWN disease that suddenly appears (emerges) in a population – KNOWN disease that suddenly appears (emerges) in a new population
KNOWN disease, previously on the
decline, that is becoming more common
and will likely continue to do so
re-emerging dz
4 drivers to pathogen emergence
- land use changes
- human behaviors
- environmental systems
- food and ag systems
determinants of disease emergence
type of pathogen/agent
host susceptibility
phyologenetic distance of reservoirs
transmission – reservoir size, frequency, prevalence
percent of zoonotic pathogens
61%
T/F
Pathogens are more likely to
cross between closely related
species than distant ones
TRUE
– Diseasesthatpeoplegetfromother people
– Haveahuman reservoir
arthroponoses
– Infectiousdiseasesthatpeoplegetfromanimals,
eitherdirectlyor indirectly
– Animalsaretheultimatereservoirforthe disease!
zoonoses
WHAT ARE SOME GLOBALLY IMPORTANT ZOONOTIC DISEASES
– Rabies – Leishmaniasis – Cysticercosis – Brucellosis – Leptospirosis – Echinococcosis
T/F
more people have pets than kids
TRUW
hazard
a danger or risk of an event occurring
the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria,
toxins, or other harmful agents used to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants
bioterrorism
the malicious attempt to disrupt or
destroy the agricultural industry and/or food supply system of a population through the malicious use of plant or animal pathogens to cause devastating disease in the agricultural
sectors
agroterrorism
what are the 4 phases of disaster mgmt
- mitigation
- preparedness
- response
- recovery
Attempt to prevent hazards from developing into disasters
altogether
OR… To reduce the effects of disasters when they occur
mitigation
what does preparedness involve
Plans and preparations made to save lives and property, and to facilitate
response operations.
Provisions to ensure that all the resources/services needed to cope with a disaster can be rapidly mobilized and deployed.
Actions taken to provide
emergency assistance, save lives, minimize
property damage, and speed recovery
response
what is recovery
Actions taken to return to a normal or improved
operating condition following a disaster
Reconstructing physical structures
Restoring emotional, social, economic, and physical wellbeing
May include continued veterinary care
County Animal Response Team (CART)
Intended for use by local government and
agencies to take immediate action in
providing a means of care to minimize animal
suffering in the event of a large scale disaster
Rapid response – local!
Utilizes local resources
Established relationships with local agencies
(EM, sheriff, fire, Animal Control, Ag Ext)
Familiarity with territory and special
considerations (special populations/features)
* Home court advantage
STATE animal response Team (SART)
Interagency organizations dedicated to preparing, planning, responding, and recovering during animal emergencies Public private partnership, joining governmental agencies with private goals Train to facilitate a safe and efficient response to disasters on the local, county, state and federal level
Vet medical assistance team
Operate under the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Provide operational assistance to state animal health authorities Must be requested by a state Funded through the American Veterinary Medical Foundation
VMATS 3 primary functions
early assessment volunteer teams
basic treatment volunteer teams
training
National vet response team
Part of the Dept. of Health & Human Service’s
National Disaster Medical System
Fully supported Federal program.
Professional expertise in veterinary medicine,
public health, and research
Private citizens who have been approved as
intermittent federal employees and activated
in the event of a disaster.
Assigned to designated regional teams which
train in preparation for what might be
experienced during a response
*establishes a comprehensive, national, all-hazards approach to domestic incident response.
NRF - national response framework
what is a risk
A probability or threat of damage, injury,
liability, loss, or any other negative
occurrence that is caused by external or
internal vulnerabilities, and that may be
avoided through preemptive action
T/F
denial is more common than fear
false – less common
denial is reduced when…
we legitimize the fear
·we take actions to address fear
·we make decisions to act from a given
range of options
Most often used to describe an
organization facing a crisis and the
need to communicate about that crisis
to stakeholders and the public
risk communication
When the hazard is high and outrage is low…
precaution advocacy
·alerting insufficiently upset people to serious
risk
·“Watch out!”
When hazard is low and outrage is high:
·task=outrage management
·reassuring excessively upset people about
small risks
·“Calm down!”
When the hazard is high and outrage is also high:
·task= crisis communication
·helping appropriately upset people cope with
serious risks
·“We’ll get through this together”
When hazard and outrage are both intermediate:
·sweet spot
·dialoging with interested people about a
significant but not urgent risk
·“And what do you think?”
VeterinaryequivalentofWHO
OIE – maintains reportable dz lsit
DesignatesthelistofOIE‐reportablediseases
thatarenotfoundintheUSAasnotifiable
USDA
Systematiccontinuousobservationofpopulations,and
collectionandanalysisofdatafrommanyvariedsources
surveillance
5 purposes of surveillance
- Rapiddetectionofdiseaseoutbreaks
- Supportdiseasecontrol/eradication
- Assesspopulationhealthandsafetyoffood
- Produceinformationaboutdisease
- Evaluatediseasecontrol/biosecurityprograms
3 components of surveillance
- detection
- response
- communication
Observationofapopulationor
collection,analysisandinterpretation
ofdatafrompopulation
detection
goal of the response step to surveillance
Timely,appropriate
responsetodiseaseevents
– Minimizetheimpact(lossof
animals,productivity,markets)
– Minimizethecostoftheresponse
goal of surveillance communication
Produceandcommunicatetimelyaccurateinfo
Surveillanceofanimalsfordiseasesof
importancetoanimalsandpeople
animal health surveillance
Surveillanceofpeopleforhumandiseases
public health surveillance
Surveillanceofhumans,animalsandplantsfordiseases
affectinganyorallofthem
biosurveillance
Surveillanceoffoodproductionchainsand
peopleforfoodsafetyrisksandfoodbornedisease
food and safety surveillance
types of surveillance
- Passivesurveillance
- Activesurveillance
- Sentinelsurveillance
- Targetedsurveillance
Spontaneousreportofcasesorsuspicionofadisease
Passivesurveillance (MOST COMMON)
active surveillance ..
Committedeffortoftheveterinary/healthauthoritytoobtain
sample/data
Atypeofactivesurveillance:
•Asmallgroupismonitoredasanindicatorofthegreater
populationhealthordiseaserisk
sentinel surveillance
Targetsaspecificsegmentofthepopulationtoenhance
detectionofdisease
targeted surveillance
goal of medicine …
- Topromotehealth
- Topreservehealth
- Torestorehealthwhenitisimpaired
- Tominimizesufferinganddistress
**prevention
Actionsaimedateradicating,eliminatingorminimizingthe
impactofdiseaseanddisability,orifnoneoftheseare
feasible,retardingtheprogressofthediseaseanddisability
prevention
Aims to inhibittheemergenceofriskfactors(mainlyusedinhuman
medicinesofar)
Primordialprevention
Aim:maintainahealthypopulationbypreventingtheoccurrence
ofadisease
primary prevention – before the disease occurs
Aim:Reducetheimpactofadiseaseorinjurythathasalready
occurred
secondary prevention – •Detectingandtreatingassoonaspossible
Aim:Softentheimpactofanongoingillnessorinjurythathaslasting
effectsbyreducingcomplications,slowingdowntheprogression,and
reducingtheseverityofthesymptoms
tertiary prevention
Stepstakentoreduceadiseaseproblemtoatolerablelevel
andmaintainitatthatlevel
control – like secondary prevention
elimination
Thefinalstepindiseasecontroleffortsbyeliminatingthe
diseasefromapopulation
referstothereductiontozero(oraverylow
definedtargetrate)ofnewcasesinadefinedgeographical
area
elimination
referstothecompleteandpermanentworldwide
reductiontozeronewcasesofthediseasethroughdeliberate efforts (upto2017:RinderpestandSmallpox)
eradication
what is Reservoirneutralization
Removinginfectedindividuals
– Testandslaughter(e.g.TBandBrucellosis)
• Renderinginfectedindividualsnonshedders
– Somerotavirusvaccines
• Manipulatingenvironment
– Parasitecontrol:Taenia saginata (toiletsfacilities),Fasciola
hepatica (snailcontrol)
– Mosquitocontrol:WestNileVirus
‐ Reducingcontactpotential
Isolationortreatmentofcases
– Reduceprobabilityofcontact
– Notidealwhennonsymptomaticareshedding
• Quarantineofpossibleinfected
• Populationcontrol
– Leashlawstoreducefecalcontamination
– Rabiescontrol
‐IncreasingHostResistance examples
-Geneticselection,GoodWelfare(nutritionandshelter)
• Chemoprophylaxis
• Vaccination
3 milk borne bacterias that can be controlled by milk pastuerization
mycobacterium bovis
brucella
Coxiella burnetii
M. bovis cases per year
230
human signs with TB from M.bovis
Percutaneous: nodules, slow evolution, ulcers • Pulmonary: Classical TB (Ghon complex) • Ingestion: gingivitis, mesenteric adenopathy…
Brulla common in USA
no
what does brucella do to animals
abortions
what does brucella do to people
Septicemic form: fever (recurrent), headache, back pain… • Visceral form:orchiepididymite, osteo articulaire • Chronic form: join pain
water borne disease
Leptospirosis Cryptosporidium Giardia Schistosoma Fasciola
protozoan disease causing diarrhea in calves and humans
crypto
97% of USA surface water has ___
giardia
T/F
you can easily kill crypto and giardia with chlorine
FALSE
T/F
humans get fasciola from eating livers
FALSE – contaminated veggies
– 2nd most important human parasite after Malaria
schistosoma
what does lepto cause in people and animals
• Renal insufficiency, acute or chronic • Acute disease – Fever, depression, lethargy – Acute renal damage or felure • Chronic disease – Abortion, stillbirth – Chronic renal insufficiency
